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Pseudo-dynamic rupture implementation and earthquake engineering consequences of simulated ground motion in NCT Delhi (India) caused by Mwmw8.2 Nahan Himalaya seismic gap earthquake

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Abstract

This paper presents the physics based ground motion synthetics and its earthquake engineering consequences in the National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi, India due to the Mw8.2 scenario earthquake on the Nahan segment of the western Himalaya. In order to fulfill the aim, a state-of-the-art pseudo-dynamic rupture is implemented in a 3D fourth-order staggered-grid viscoelastic time-domain finite-difference code. The ground motion is simulated in a frequency bandwidth of 0–2.5 Hz at the basement level at 158 locations of the NCT Delhi. The computed transverse component of velocity time series at the basement level is numerically transferred to the free surface taking into account the rheological parameters of the sediment deposit. Upon first inspection, the estimated range of peak ground acceleration, between 0.017–0.12 g, indicates that all the buildings in the NCT Delhi will remain safe in the event of an Mw8.2 Nahan earthquake, provided they are constructed in accordance with Indian building codes. But, the computed acceleration response spectra (Sa) depicts that some of the high-rise buildings of the NCT Delhi may suffer minor damage to collapse under partial or complete double resonance condition due to Sa exceeding the DBE and MCE levels. The obtained range of pseudo-spectral displacements (Sd) reveals the need of performance-based design for high-rise buildings in the NCT Delhi, so that they can withstand under partial or complete double resonance condition during the occurrence of Nahan earthquakes. The developed contour maps of Sa and Sd at different periods can be used for the retrofitting and forced-based and displacement-based designs of the high-rise buildings.

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Data availability

The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to three unknown reviewers and the Associate Editor for their comments and suggestions that have led to the great improvements in the original manuscript. Authors are also thankful to Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India for providing the computational facility.

Funding

This research did not receive Grant from any funding agency.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

    Lav Joshi & J. P. Narayan

Authors
  1. Lav Joshi
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  2. J. P. Narayan
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Contributions

Both the authors contributed to the study conception and design. All simulations and writing of first draft was done by LJ. Both the authors contributed towards the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. P. Narayan.

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Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial and non-financial interests to disclose.

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Supplementary file 1 (DOCX 2698 kb)

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

Name of locality and site-number, Lat & Long of site, fundamental period (T0) of sediment, corresponding amplification, PGA at the free surface and Sa at periods 0.5 s, 1.0 s, 1.5 s and 2.0 s.

Site

Lat (0N)

Long (0E)

Locality name

T0 (s)

Amp. at T0

PGA (cm/s2)

Sa (cm/s2) at periods

0.5 s

1.0 s

1.5 s

2.0 s

1

28.6247

76.9144

Kair

1.64

6.85

83.34

191.21

134.27

195.54

93.97

2

28.6186

76.8843

MandhelaKhurd

1.64

7.22

86.38

208.18

139.00

193.10

106.02

3

28.6128

76.8972

MandhelaKalan

1.64

7.18

83.01

194.52

135.71

193.79

109.56

4

28.5953

76.8871

Baqargarh

1.96

6.71

79.12

226.23

120.17

133.43

241.96

5

28.5591

76.9028

Ujwa

1.64

6.09

75.41

160.26

150.71

257.25

94.16

6

28.5991

76.9198

JafarpurKalan

1.39

6.26

59.66

201.26

165.39

167.01

80.93

7

28.5751

76.9009

shamaspurKhalsa

1.64

6.99

57.59

179.82

106.47

215.99

101.52

8

28.5798

76.9129

Ujwa

1.96

6.69

69.25

188.04

115.83

145.15

277.33

9

28.5647

76.8853

Quazipur

1.64

5.46

65.62

203.95

139.81

240.05

90.65

10

28.5509

76.9115

DaryapurKhurd

1.96

7.33

75.93

143.49

105.72

121.52

217.82

11

28.8188

76.9738

Mungashpur

2.44

5.50

57.79

157.68

232.46

65.71

75.65

12

28.8111

76.9528

Qutubgarh

1.96

5.87

72.34

223.20

167.11

71.08

127.02

13

28.7961

76.9515

Qutubgarh

1.64

5.92

80.55

227.61

175.93

136.60

96.39

14

28.7576

76.9466

Jonti

1.96

7.00

67.63

162.46

135.99

143.01

158.40

15

28.7486

76.9623

Jonti

1.96

6.42

55.77

203.05

167.32

85.67

144.84

16

28.7203

76.9658

Nizampur Rashid

1.41

6.05

55.77

203.05

167.32

85.67

144.84

17

28.6923

76.9623

TikriKalan

1.41

5.53

63.68

295.65

172.53

134.28

57.53

18

28.6653

76.9494

JharodaKalan

1.96

5.72

82.05

137.14

118.94

179.15

174.50

19

28.6514

76.9342

JharodaKalan

2.44

6.90

72.48

221.60

183.32

94.50

134.11

20

28.6546

76.9598

JharodaKalan

2.44

7.43

60.70

190.58

172.42

87.34

130.55

21

28.6048

76.9573

Mitraon

1.64

7.33

63.95

169.23

122.22

196.81

145.89

22

28.6161

76.9300

Kair

1.64

7.53

65.86

155.21

134.34

193.34

134.22

23

28.6318

76.9607

Najafgarh

1.96

5.85

83.54

131.33

129.11

182.88

178.48

24

28.5383

76.9818

Kanganheri

1.09

5.49

122.97

461.72

285.60

110.12

62.56

25

28.8014

77.0240

NangalThakuran

1.96

7.29

73.11

232.52

136.55

110.19

244.95

26

28.8025

76.9981

BajidpurThakran

1.96

7.17

86.10

226.57

132.66

139.21

157.52

27

28.7903

76.9771

Khorjat

1.64

5.44

71.50

194.67

157.28

158.81

78.87

28

28.7880

77.0151

NangalThakuran

1.96

5.55

98.92

197.28

157.70

153.62

136.00

29

28.7542

77.0071

Budhanpur

1.64

6.44

72.32

190.19

164.69

175.50

124.61

30

28.7709

76.9863

SalahpurMajra

1.96

6.32

89.67

223.60

163.73

157.00

146.92

31

28.7067

76.9908

Suda

1.69

5.95

70.70

139.66

149.28

171.42

137.16

32

28.7261

77.0042

Khanjwala

1.64

5.58

67.57

229.53

149.41

171.22

81.89

33

28.6953

77.0239

Mundka

1.96

7.18

83.83

252.89

154.71

101.72

169.98

34

28.6729

77.0179

Mundka

1.64

7.08

72.91

149.53

139.25

205.49

128.30

35

28.6805

76.9904

TikriKalan

1.64

6.62

71.72

139.44

140.59

190.28

129.99

36

28.6535

76.9840

DhichaonKalan

1.64

6.10

66.23

194.84

115.41

200.11

79.63

37

28.6262

77.0202

Mohan Garden

0.89

6.61

70.34

189.39

212.07

66.60

37.17

38

28.6062

77.0112

Najafgarh

1.41

5.76

70.14

268.74

212.44

154.55

60.09

39

28.6159

76.9748

Najafgarh

1.96

6.20

92.23

177.44

148.50

174.90

170.67

40

28.6014

76.9894

Roshanpura

1.64

7.15

72.47

197.84

242.25

83.55

47.80

41

28.6345

76.9974

DhichaonKalan

1.41

6.92

81.11

309.57

142.08

180.67

58.00

42

28.5534

77.0019

Chhawla

0.89

7.52

113.53

394.54

278.08

104.90

60.63

43

28.8692

77.0555

Lampur

1.64

6.37

76.97

189.37

134.16

116.54

146.60

44

28.8521

77.0675

Lampur

1.64

5.46

61.05

205.66

126.89

179.65

89.52

45

28.8147

77.0711

Sanoth

1.23

5.37

87.77

337.33

227.72

159.88

52.49

46

28.7800

77.0300

SultanpurDabas

1.96

7.12

93.77

194.03

145.00

163.84

207.79

47

28.7732

77.0526

Barwala

1.41

5.80

68.67

267.55

134.26

183.63

88.37

48

28.7601

77.0653

Barwala

1.41

6.52

69.69

219.73

134.17

170.03

66.85

49

28.7371

77.0386

Karala

1.23

4.72

73.69

242.93

161.76

106.00

48.91

50

28.7378

77.0714

Pansali

1.41

5.16

69.11

272.28

162.77

141.54

52.93

51

28.7200

77.0711

Rohini Sec-23

1.64

7.49

56.32

171.59

106.76

237.05

111.66

52

28.7106

77.0489

MubarakpurDabas

1.23

5.37

74.22

348.73

159.56

142.83

53.94

53

28.6558

77.0401

RanholaShafipur

1.23

5.50

66.97

267.03

163.91

134.18

52.76

54

28.5946

77.0352

Dwarka Sec-13

0.98

5.45

59.93

145.66

177.51

92.12

44.33

55

28.5939

77.0711

Dwarka Sec-6

0.89

6.69

57.83

119.34

175.79

81.27

40.96

56

28.5730

77.0528

Dwarka Sec-19

0.98

6.34

60.97

159.14

170.87

100.05

45.90

57

28.5597

77.0262

Dwarka Sec-24

1.23

5.39

59.85

277.37

155.22

151.14

56.51

58

28.5550

77.0675

Dwarka Sec-21

0.89

7.84

56.26

137.47

214.37

92.21

44.57

59

28.5378

77.0517

Dwarka Sec-27

0.89

6.09

58.87

152.07

174.62

95.15

44.46

60

28.8544

77.1225

Mamurpur

1.23

5.39

92.05

327.83

214.19

166.64

60.05

61

28.8655

77.1113

Mamurpur

1.23

5.28

91.81

299.33

216.57

170.16

61.22

62

28.8173

77.0976

RajpurKalan

1.41

5.68

95.45

311.36

165.31

231.97

82.41

63

28.8336

77.1169

TikriKhurd

1.23

5.70

87.23

362.51

192.90

164.91

64.89

64

28.8172

77.1165

ShahpurGarhi

1.23

5.70

89.53

355.49

190.49

173.56

65.87

65

28.7884

77.0819

NayaBansh

1.64

7.33

66.97

209.89

131.22

175.78

104.24

66

28.7958

77.1052

HolambiKhurd

1.64

7.05

69.70

225.50

135.06

176.92

97.17

67

28.7731

77.0923

KheraKhurd

1.41

6.73

117.02

398.63

239.37

237.48

81.56

68

28.7806

77.1125

KheraKhurd

1.41

5.12

83.24

384.63

219.29

184.28

74.42

69

28.7561

77.1131

Sirsapur village

1.23

5.58

79.19

406.78

243.52

206.43

64.09

70

28.7283

77.1187

Rohini Sec-12

1.41

6.56

90.80

377.04

279.43

235.61

80.58

71

28.7016

77.0904

MangolpuriBlk-Y

1.41

6.32

97.04

303.71

295.85

247.34

71.51

72

28.6508

77.0857

Gurunanak Nagar

1.23

6.34

88.94

257.96

277.59

199.78

59.11

73

28.6800

77.0742

NangloiJat

0.98

5.66

88.09

242.00

323.15

155.81

51.22

74

28.6670

77.1023

JwalaHeri, PaschimVihar

1.09

5.67

76.64

200.83

284.41

124.90

43.82

75

28.6306

77.1069

Tihar Village

0.91

6.56

60.03

115.71

245.19

129.39

42.05

76

28.6367

77.1225

Narela

2.44

6.29

69.89

178.00

214.57

90.63

128.50

77

28.8423

77.1704

TajpurKalan

0.98

7.41

70.24

249.41

260.42

130.91

54.02

78

28.8269

77.1296

Khanpur

1.64

6.82

78.37

153.78

139.24

222.28

153.70

79

28.8194

77.1551

Hamidpur

1.41

5.85

81.07

210.58

154.15

276.76

99.97

80

28.8031

77.1313

Alipur

1.41

5.60

81.34

323.25

210.48

240.51

80.49

81

28.8072

77.1663

Bakhtawarpur

1.41

6.01

63.83

173.11

144.12

255.62

96.30

82

28.7973

77.1495

Alipur

1.64

7.13

60.74

169.79

92.89

203.16

97.63

83

28.7796

77.1686

Near Ibrahampur

1.23

5.98

71.89

314.49

186.45

162.52

63.25

84

28.7745

77.1335

KheraGhari

1.23

5.50

69.14

325.60

178.90

147.96

59.25

85

28.7726

77.1501

Kadipur

1.64

6.37

72.97

187.42

120.04

237.52

95.23

86

28.7393

77.1358

Rohini Sec-18, Blk A, Pkt8

1.41

7.04

79.79

214.87

181.12

301.70

75.73

87

28.7364

77.1646

Bhalsawa

1.09

5.31

66.20

171.21

199.30

145.55

40.13

88

28.7286

77.1493

Haiderpur

1.08

5.28

65.85

172.26

199.03

146.30

40.24

89

28.7096

77.128

Rohini Sec-14

0.98

5.82

100.49

208.19

355.31

159.29

50.42

90

28.7191

77.1747

Aadarsh Nagar

1.09

5.48

68.09

169.58

206.87

147.40

39.91

91

28.6928

77.1249

SaraswatiVihar

0.89

6.46

82.30

203.18

384.60

114.60

47.48

92

28.6953

77.1631

Ashok Vihar, Ph-I, Blk-E

0.98

7.30

85.76

130.80

350.46

164.68

51.27

93

28.6597

77.1302

Near Raja Garden

1.23

6.64

75.46

148.74

268.95

206.13

61.40

94

28.6833

77.1450

Sakurpur Village

0.98

7.05

95.85

148.76

408.78

146.79

48.60

95

28.6708

77.1581

Karampura Block, Indl Area

0.70

9.06

69.41

148.57

228.81

82.62

38.47

96

28.5431

77.1327

CISF Rd, MahipalpurExtn

0.15

13.68

23.47

82.03

85.52

51.61

30.61

97

28.4972

77.1325

Ghitorni Village

0.32

11.60

49.26

106.60

258.94

81.04

72.08

98

28.4964

77.1622

Sultanpur Village

0.55

11.45

60.63

390.30

129.42

59.01

35.02

99

28.4858

77.1331

SainkNivas MES, Ghitorni

0.55

11.79

83.28

360.02

106.72

52.44

37.89

100

28.4706

77.1631

Jaunapur

0.55

11.79

83.17

361.53

105.69

52.57

37.76

101

28.4440

77.1464

Farm house, Mandi Village

0.19

13.87

17.00

71.43

60.78

42.46

28.43

102

28.4416

77.1347

KH No.66/6, Mandi Village

0.34

12.86

43.44

99.84

209.19

57.31

54.28

103

28.4400

77.1636

SEPAL Farm Dera, Mandi

0.55

11.96

64.22

267.34

96.31

48.23

31.16

104

28.8455

77.2001

Palla

1.64

6.93

66.28

232.53

158.91

158.80

104.99

105

28.8167

77.1994

Near Jal Board Palla

1.23

6.54

85.63

287.54

378.19

139.04

69.95

106

28.7978

77.1807

Hiranki Village

1.23

5.92

88.37

341.80

280.75

141.31

61.03

107

28.7708

77.1875

UttarakhandColoney

0.61

9.02

98.00

349.35

149.77

50.36

33.18

108

28.7639

77.2153

Shank No.1, Burari village

0.82

8.39

90.57

247.70

287.42

83.80

41.22

109

28.7948

77.1911

Near Shank 22, Hiranki Village

0.89

7.09

66.67

218.22

317.44

94.04

47.48

110

28.7757

77.1992

SilampurMajra

0.89

7.45

74.07

222.69

330.02

93.78

44.88

111

28.7445

77.1943

Sant Nagar

0.76

8.27

76.61

191.32

249.22

72.92

32.26

112

28.7135

77.2047

Nr Milan Vihar, Burari

0.76

10.25

66.44

207.45

241.42

77.44

38.03

113

28.7331

77.2185

Radio Coloney, Dhaka Village

0.70

9.82

78.15

173.68

196.35

63.57

29.58

114

28.7031

77.1966

Model Town

0.65

10.02

94.24

260.63

179.51

69.62

35.34

115

28.6478

77.2109

Shiv Temp, Shastri Nagar

0.19

13.90

20.53

74.08

69.93

42.08

27.78

116

28.6850

77.2033

Roopnagar Blk-6

0.39

13.65

64.35

157.33

252.02

71.69

62.41

117

28.5413

77.1829

Lalbahadur-Vidyapith Katwariasarai

0.34

12.08

61.56

152.42

277.24

84.75

79.42

118

28.5388

77.2088

Begampur,Malviya Nagar

0.52

11.39

90.09

624.16

141.10

57.55

42.35

119

28.5387

77.2244

ShekSarai,Ph.-I

0.34

12.17

74.01

154.55

386.92

90.19

79.56

120

28.5080

77.1739

Kusum Nursery VasantKunj

0.33

12.91

51.30

170.92

186.67

77.58

66.81

121

28.5161

77.2119

Saket-Badarpur Rd

0.34

12.49

54.72

144.41

237.94

86.61

73.63

122

28.5001

77.2220

Sainik Farm, Nr SangamVihar

0.32

12.31

60.30

128.78

300.31

78.10

79.49

123

28.4856

77.1971

RajpurKhurd

0.36

11.78

61.58

127.28

272.27

74.83

68.19

124

28.4567

77.2075

Forest, Asola Village

0.33

12.14

61.54

126.15

206.22

63.09

74.73

125

28.7176

77.2510

PT School, Wazirabad

0.36

13.22

56.46

125.90

189.73

68.74

57.98

126

28.7325

77.2325

Ramp No.3, Jagatpur Bund

0.61

11.92

87.85

248.87

181.24

59.25

34.12

127

28.7450

77.2559

Burari Village

0.70

11.19

77.72

163.75

230.47

67.03

36.28

128

28.6587

77.2401

MG Park, LalQuila

0.34

12.01

68.60

188.16

200.62

76.48

89.22

129

28.6924

77.2548

Pusta-4, Usmanpur

0.52

11.10

68.83

329.97

91.39

50.90

31.32

130

28.6753

77.2692

Silampur

0.65

11.05

77.99

196.38

164.29

61.78

35.09

131

28.7304

77.2814

Kali Mandir, Shiv Vihar

0.76

9.74

71.84

156.51

243.67

68.70

36.43

132

28.7073

77.3232

Harsh vihar

0.65

11.68

75.76

225.43

144.95

72.88

44.28

133

28.7044

77.2769

Gokulpuri colony

0.65

10.27

78.38

201.65

158.26

60.18

34.54

134

28.7029

77.2962

East Gokulpur

0.61

10.60

85.80

324.98

123.10

59.71

44.52

135

28.6777

77.2984

Mansarovar Park

0.89

7.88

69.11

124.02

326.67

144.53

60.16

136

28.6560

77.2923

Arjun Nagar

0.98

6.31

86.54

214.69

264.38

238.20

78.13

137

28.5398

77.2831

Park, Appolo Hosp., Jasola

0.35

12.80

50.85

102.30

198.25

75.23

80.58

138

28.5412

77.3089

Kalindikunj, Jaitpur Road

0.76

10.80

78.64

177.82

261.38

75.54

49.45

139

28.5062

77.3017

Govt School, NTPC, Badarpur

0.19

14.25

20.78

56.99

75.51

32.33

32.29

140

28.6281

77.3253

Near Gaziur, Blk-D

0.76

8.14

81.81

166.36

267.27

91.46

46.43

141

28.6032

77.3308

Near Kundli, Blk-A1

0.82

8.64

82.91

154.97

383.99

102.34

48.50

142

28.5147

77.3417

JaitpurExtn

0.65

10.02

62.93

192.24

152.59

49.58

33.40

143

28.5253

77.3313

Near Police post, Jaitpur

0.65

11.77

55.52

175.08

176.15

54.03

36.64

144

28.8746

77.0795

Safiabad

1.41

5.59

85.43

246.71

153.03

208.02

83.42

145

28.7222

77.1056

DCE, Rithala

1.41

6.17

92.43

356.14

287.61

236.11

79.76

146

28.7499

77.1763

Bhalsawa Dairy

0.98

6.57

71.38

223.15

235.91

176.96

44.58

147

28.7450

77.2442

Libaspur

0.76

9.70

70.33

130.76

246.04

70.28

35.96

148

28.5811

77.233

Mandhela Kalan

0.82

9.37

80.37

139.57

243.22

81.16

40.06

149

28.4724

77.186

Khera Dabas

0.39

13.10

49.72

170.57

154.78

85.30

66.12

150

28.6029

77.2855

Rameshwar Mandir, Akshardham

1.23

6.65

109.60

231.27

424.67

197.47

79.18

151

28.7342

77.0891

Rajokri village

1.23

5.11

84.90

393.99

264.18

222.67

70.99

152

28.5089

77.1083

Bakhtawarpur

0.14

12.41

20.77

47.39

55.17

38.42

34.64

153

28.5449

77.1198

Udyog Nagar, Paschim Vihar

0.14

12.67

19.99

57.69

48.25

43.24

33.79

154

28.6475

77.1797

HolambiKalan

0.17

13.77

20.22

72.26

69.42

41.93

27.73

155

28.5444

77.2583

Mohan Garden

0.14

13.28

19.50

54.58

57.04

38.93

26.91

156

28.5781

77.1625

Rani Khera

0.17

13.64

23.82

84.54

86.31

51.87

30.70

157

28.5644

77.2479

Pochanpur

0.14

12.79

19.44

54.33

56.98

38.91

26.90

158

28.5646

77.2477

Dilshad Garden, Blk-F

0.14

12.79

19.44

54.33

56.98

38.91

26.90

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Joshi, L., Narayan, J.P. Pseudo-dynamic rupture implementation and earthquake engineering consequences of simulated ground motion in NCT Delhi (India) caused by Mwmw8.2 Nahan Himalaya seismic gap earthquake. Nat Hazards (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06577-2

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