Abstract
This article provides an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art and describes methodological advances in the design and evaluation of road network pricing schemes. A number of paradigm shifts from the two polar cases of the marginal social cost pricing of road traffic congestion and revenue-maximizing road toll pricing are analyzed, as induced by the need to address realistic design complexities and constraints. The crucial role of the joint consideration of pricing strategies with optimal capacity provision and several network management measures is manifested and an integrated evaluation framework is suggested to incorporate a wide range of road pricing impacts into the scheme design process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ababutain, A. Y., & Bullen, A. G. R. (2003). Multicriteria decision-making model for selection of Build-Operate-Transfer toll road proposals in the public sector. Transportation Research Record, 1848, 1–9
Al-Deek, H., Chandra, S. R., Emam, E. B., & Klodzinski, J. (2007). Evaluating effects of toll strategies on route diversion and travel times for origin–destination pairs in a regional transportation network. Transportation Research Record, 2035, 205–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/2035-23.
Altman, E., & Wynter, L. (2004). Equilibrium, games, and pricing in transportation and telecommunication networks. Networks and Spatial Economics, 4(1), 7–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NETS.0000015653.52983.61.
Álvarez, Ó., Cantos, P., & García, L. (2007). The value of time and transport policies in a parallel road network. Transport Policy, 14(5), 366–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.012.
Anas, A., & Xu, R. (1999). Congestion, land use, and job dispersion: A general equilibrium model. Journal of Urban Economics, 45(3), 451–473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1998.2104.
Anas, A., & Rhee, H.-J. (2006). Curbing excess sprawl with congestion tolls and urban boundaries. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36(4), 510–541. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.03.003.
Anas, A., & Pines, D. (2008). Anti-sprawl policies in a system of congested cities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 38(5), 408–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.05.001.
Anderson, D. (1989). Infrastructure pricing policies and the public revenue in African countries. World Development, 17(4), 525–542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90260-X.
Arentze, T., Hofman, F., & Timmermans, H. (2004). Predicting multi-faceted activity–travel adjustment strategies in response to possible congestion pricing scenarios using an Internet-based stated adaptation experiment. Transport Policy, 11(1), 31–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00016-7.
Arentze, T., & Timmermans, H. (2007). Congestion pricing scenarios and change of job or residential location: Results of a stated adaptation experiment. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(1), 56–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.02.013.
Armelius, H. (2005). An integrated approach to urban road pricing. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 39(1), 75–92.
Armelius, H., & Hultkrantz, L. (2006). The politico-economic link between public transport and road pricing: An ex-ante study of the Stockholm road-pricing trial. Transport Policy, 13(1), 162–172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.011.
Armstrong-Wright, A. T. (1986). Road pricing and user restraint: Opportunities and constraints in developing countries. Transportation Research Part A, 20(2), 123–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90038-5.
Arnott, R., De Palma, A., & Lindsey, R. (1992). Route choice with heterogeneous drivers and group-specific congestion costs. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 22(1), 71–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(92)90026-W.
Arnott, R., De Palma, A., & Lindsey, R. (1993). A structural model of peak congestion: A traffic bottleneck with elastic demand. The American Economic Review, 83(1), 161–179.
Arnott, R., & Kraus, M. (1995). Financing capacity in the bottleneck model. Journal of Urban Economics, 38(3), 272–290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1995.1033.
Arnott, R. (1998). Congestion tolling and urban spatial structure. Journal of Regional Science, 38(3), 495–504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4146.00105.
Arnott, R., & Yan, A. (2000). The two-mode problem: Second-best pricing and capacity. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 12(3), 170–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940X.2000.00077.x.
Arnott, R. (2007). Congestion tolling with agglomeration externalities. Journal of Urban Economics, 62(2), 187–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.03.005.
Bai, L., Hearn, D. W., & Lawphongpanich, S. (2004). Decomposition techniques for the minimum toll revenue problem. Networks, 44(1), 142–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/net.20024.
Balwani, A., & Singh, S. (2009). Network impacts of distance-based road user charging. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Barker, T., & Köhler, J. (1999). Charging for road freight in the EU: Economic implications of a weigh-in-motion tax. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34(3), 311–331.
Barker, W. G., & Polzin, S. E. (2004). Synergies of bus rapid transit and high-occupancy toll lanes: Simulation of bus rapid transit in congested corridor with roadway value pricing. Transportation Research Record, 1884, 3–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1884-01.
Barter, P. A. (2005). A vehicle quota integrated with road usage pricing: A mechanism to complete the phase-out of high fixed vehicle taxes in Singapore. Transport Policy, 12(6), 525–536. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.05.004.
Bartin, B., Mudigonda, S., & Ozbay, K. (2007). Impact of electronic toll collection on air pollution levels: Estimation using microscopic simulation model of large-scale transportation network. Transportation Research Record, 2011, 68–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/2011-08.
Basso, L. J. (2008). Airport deregulation: Effects on pricing and capacity. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 26(4), 1015–1031. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2007.09.002.
Basso, L. J., & Zhang, A. (2008a). Sequential peak-load pricing: The case of airports and airlines. The Canadian Journal of Economics. Revue Canadienne d’Economique, 41(3), 1087–1119.
Basso, L. J., & Zhang, A. (2008b). On the relationship between airport pricing models. Transportation Research Part B, 42(9), 725–735. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2008.01.005.
Bazzan, A. L. C., & Junges, R. (2006). Traffic network equilibrium using congestion tolls: A case study. In A. L. C. Bazzan, B. Chaib Draa, F. Kluegl, & S. Ossowski (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th workshop on agents in traffic and transportation (pp. 1–8). New York, NY: ACM.
Beevers, S. D., & Carslaw, D. C. (2005). The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in London. Atmospheric Environment, 39(36), 6875–6884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.021.
Bekiaris, E., & Nakanishi, Y. (Eds.) (2004). Economic impacts of intelligent transportation systems: Innovations and case studies. Research in transportation economics, 8. Oxford: Elsevier.
Bellei, G., Bielli, M., & Gastaldi, M. (1995). Simulation exercise on time perception parameters in discrete-time dynamic assignment models. International Transactions in Operational Research, 2(1), 61–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.1995.tb00005.x.
Bellei, G., Gentile, G., & Papola, N. (2000). Tolls and transit frequencies optimization. In K. Wang, G. Xiao, & J. Ji (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on transportation and traffic studies (pp. 674–681). Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bellei, G., Gentile, G., & Papola, N. (2002). Network pricing optimization in multi-user and multimodal context with elastic demand. Transportation Research Part B, 36(9), 779–798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00030-3.
Ben-Ayed, O., Boyce, D. E., & Blair, C. E. (1988). A general bi-level programming formulation of the network design problem. Transportation Research Part B, 22(4), 311–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(88)90006-9.
Bergendorff, P., Hearn, D. W., & Ramana, M. V. (1997). Congestion toll pricing of traffic networks. In P. M. Pardalos, D. W. Hearn, & W. W. Hager (Eds.), Network optimization, lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems (Vol. 450, pp. 51–71). Berlin: Springer.
Berglas, E., Fresko, D., & Pines, D. (1984). Right of way and congestion toll. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 18(2), 165–187.
Bertini, R. L., & Rufolo, A. M. (2004). Technology considerations for the implementation of a statewide road user fee system. In E. Bekiaris, Y. Nakanishi (Eds.), Economic impacts of intelligent transportation systems: Innovations and case studies. Research in transportation economics, (Vol. 8, pp. 337–361). Oxford: Elsevier.
Bertsimas, D., & Perakis, G. (2006). Dynamic pricing: A learning approach. In S. Lawphongpanich, D. W. Hearn, & M. J. Smith (Eds.), Mathematical and computational models for congestion charging (pp. 45–79). New York: Springer.
Bichsel, R. (2001). Should road users pay the full cost of road provision? Journal of Urban Economics, 50(1), 367–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2001.2221.
Blythe, P. T. (2005). Congestion charging: Technical options for the delivery of future UK policy. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 571–587.
Bonsall, P., & Kelly, C. (2005). Road user charging and social exclusion: The impact of congestion charges on at-risk groups. Transport Policy, 12(5), 406–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.06.007.
Bonsall, P., Shiresa, J., Mauleb, J., Matthews, B., & Beale, J. (2007). Responses to complex pricing signals: Theory, evidence and implications for road pricing. Transportation Research Part A, 41(7), 672–683.
Borins, S. F. (1981). The effect of pricing policy on the optimum timing of investments in transport facilities. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 15(2), 121–133.
Bouhtou, M., Erbs, G., & Minoux, M. (2006). Joint optimization of pricing and resource allocation in competitive telecommunications networks. Networks, 50(1), 37–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/net.20164.
Bousquet, F., & Fayard, A. (2001). Road infrastructure concession practice in Europe. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, 2675. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Boyce, D. E., & Mattsson, L.-G. (1999). Modeling residential location in relation to housing location and road tolls on congested urban highway networks. Transportation Research Part B, 33(8), 581–591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00007-7.
Braid, R. M. (1989). Uniform versus peak-load pricing of a bottleneck with elastic demand. Journal of Urban Economics, 26(3), 320–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(89)90005-3.
Brownstone, D., & Small, K. A. (2005). Valuing time and reliability: Assessing the evidence from road pricing demonstrations. Transportation Research Part A, 39(4), 279–293.
Bureau, B., & Glachan, M. (2008). Distributional effects of road pricing: Assessment of nine scenarios for Paris. Transportation Research Part A, 42(7), 994–1007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2008.02.001.
Burris, M. W., & Pendyala, R. M. (2002). Discrete choice models of traveller participation in differential time of day pricing programs. Transport Policy, 9(3), 241–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00002-1.
Burris, M. W., Konduru, K. K., & Swenson, C. R. (2004). Long-run changes in driver behavior due to variable tolls. Transportation Research Record, 1864, 78–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1864-11.
Burris, M. W. (2006). Incorporating variable toll rates in transportation planning models. International Journal of Transport Economics, 33(3), 351–368.
Button, K. J., & Verhoef, E. T. (Eds.) (1998). Road pricing, traffic congestion and the environment: Issues of efficiency and social feasibility. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Cain, A., Burris, M. W., & Pendyala, R. M. (2001). Impact of variable pricing on temporal distribution of travel demand. Transportation Research Record, 1747, 36–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1747-05.
Calfee, J., & Winston, C. (1998). The value of automobile travel time: Implications for congestion policy. Journal of Public Economics, 69(1), 83–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(97)00095-9.
Calthrop, E., & Proost, S. (1998). Road transport externalities. Environmental and Resource Economics, 11(3–4), 335–348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008267917001.
Carey, M., & Srinivasan, A. (1993). Externalities, average and marginal costs, and tolls on congested networks with time-varying flows. Operations Research, 41(1), 217–231.
Chan, K. S., & Lam, W. H. K. (2005). Impact of road pricing on road network reliability. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6, 2060–2075.
Chang, M.-S., & Hsueh, C.-F. (2006). A dynamic road pricing model for freeway electronic toll collection systems under Build-Operate-Transfer arrangements. Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(2), 91–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060600753321.
Chau, C. K., & Sim, K. M. (2003). The price of anarchy for non-atomic congestion games with symmetric cost maps and elastic demands. Operations Research Letters, 31(5), 327–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6377(03)00030-0.
Chen, M., Bernstein, D. H., Chien, S. I. J., & Mouskos, K. C. (1999a). Simplified formulation of the toll design problem. Transportation Research Record, 1667, 88–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1667-11.
Chen, H.-K., Hsueh, C.-F., & Wang, C.-Y. (1999b). The dynamic system-optimal route choice problem and toll policies. Transportation Planning and Technology, 22(3), 201–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03081069908717628.
Chen, M., Bernstein, D. H., & Spasovic, L. N. (2004). Toll-design problem with stochastic route choice. Environment and Planning. B, Planning & Design, 31, 731–742. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/b3022.
Chen, A., Subprasom, K., & Ji, Z. (2006). A simulation-based multi-objective genetic algorithm (SMOGA) for BOT network design problem. Optimization and Engineering, 7(3), 225–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-006-9970-y.
Chen, A., & Subprasom, K. (2007). Analysis of regulation and policy of private toll roads in a build-operate-transfer scheme under demand uncertainty. Transportation Research Part A, 41(6), 537–558.
Chin, A. T. H. (1996). Containing air pollution and traffic congestion: Transport policy and the environment in Singapore. Atmospheric Environment, 30(5), 787–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00173-5.
Chiou, S.-W. (2005). Bilevel programming for the continuous transport network design problem. Transportation Research Part B, 39(4), 361–383.
Chiou, S.-W. (2007). A globally convergent iterative scheme for toll design network with signal settings. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 187(2), 1086–1099. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2006.09.017.
Chiou, S.-W. (2008). Optimization of congestion pricing road network with variable demands. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 195(2), 382–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2007.04.099.
Chow, A. H. F. (2007). Toward a general framework for dynamic road pricing. In B. Heydecker (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th IMA international conference on mathematics in transport (pp. 245–257). Elsevier.
Chu, X. (1999). Alternative congestion pricing schedules. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(6), 697–722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(99)00021-6.
Chu, C.-P., & Tsai, J.-F. (2004). Road pricing models with maintenance cost. Transportation, 31(4), 457–477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PORT.0000037059.61327.13.
Chu, C.-P., & Tsai, J.-F. (2008). The optimal location and road pricing for an elevated road in a corridor. Transportation Research Part A, 42(5), 842–856.
Churchill, A., Huber, K., Meldau, E., & Walters, A. (1972). Road user charges in Central America. World Bank Staff Occasional Papers, 15. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Clegg, J., Smith, M., Xiang, Y., & Yarrow, R. (2001). Bilevel programming applied to optimising urban transportation. Transportation Research Part B, 35(1), 41–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(00)00018-7.
Coelho, M. C., Farias, T. L., & Rouphail, N. M. (2005). Measuring and modeling emission effects for toll facilities. Transportation Research Record, 1941, 136–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1941-17.
Correa, J. R., Schulz, A. S., & Stier-Moses, N. E. (2004). Selfish routing in capacitated networks. Mathematics of Operations Research, 29(4), 961–976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.1040.0098.
Dafermos, S. C., & Sparrow, F. T. (1971). Optimal resource allocation and toll patterns in user-optimized transport networks. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 5(2), 184–200.
Dafermos, S. C. (1973). Toll patterns for multiclass-user transportation networks. Transportation Science, 7, 211–223.
Daganzo, C. F., & Sheffi, Y. (1977). On stochastic models of traffic assignment. Transportation Science, 11(3), 253–274.
Daganzo, C. (1995). A Pareto optimum congestion reduction scheme. Transportation Research Part B, 29(2), 139–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(94)00031-T.
Daganzo, C. F., & Garcia, R. (2000). A Pareto improving strategy for the time-dependent morning commute problem. Transportation Science, 34(3), 303–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.34.3.303.12296.
Danielis, R., & Marcucci, E. (2002). Bottleneck road congestion pricing with a competing railroad service. Transportation Research Part E, 38(5), 379–388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(01)00021-7.
Dawson, J. A. L., & Catling, I. (1986). Electronic road pricing in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Part A, 20(2), 129–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90039-7.
De Borger, B., & Wouters, S. (1998). Transport externalities and optimal pricing and supply decisions in urban transportation: A simulation analysis for Belgium. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 28(2), 163–197. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(97)00018-5.
De Borger, B., & Swysen, D. (1999). Public transport subsidies versus road pricing: An empirical analysis for interregional transport in Belgium. International Journal of Transport Economics, 26(1), 55–89.
De Borger, B., & Van Dender, K. (2003). Transport tax reform, commuting, and endogenous values of time. Journal of Urban Economics, 53(3), 510–530. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00024-X.
De Borger, B., & Van Dender, K. (2006). Prices, capacities and service levels in a congestible Bertrand duopoly. Journal of Urban Economics, 60(2), 264–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.03.001.
De Borger, B., Proost, S., & Van Dender, K. (2007a). Private port pricing and public investment in port and hinterland capacity. Research Paper 2007-019, Faculty of Applied Economics, University of Antwerp, Belgium (available at SSRN: https://doi.org/ssrn.com/abstract=1024691).
De Borger, B., Dunkerley, F., & Proost, S. (2007b). Strategic investment and pricing decisions in a congested transport corridor. Journal of Urban Economics, 62(2), 294–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.01.001.
De Borger, B., Dunkerley, F., & Proost, S. (2008). The interaction between tolls and capacity investment in serial and parallel transport networks. The Review of Network Economics, 7(1), 136–158.
De Palma, A., & Lindsey, R. (2000). Private toll roads: Competition under various ownership regimes. The Annals of Regional Science, 34(1), 13–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680050124.
De Palma, A., & Lindsey, R. (2002). Private roads, competition, and incentives to adopt time-based congestion tolling. Journal of Urban Economics, 52(2), 217–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00002-5.
De Palma, A., Lindsey, R., & Quinet, E. (2004). Time-varying road pricing and choice of toll locations. In G. Santos (Ed.), Road pricing: Theory and evidence, research in transportation economics (Vol. 9, pp. 107–131). Oxford: Elsevier.
De Palma, A., Kilani, M., & Lindsey, R. (2005a). Congestion pricing on a road network: A study using the dynamic equilibrium simulator METROPOLIS. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 588–611.
De Palma, A., Kilani, M., & Lindsey, R. (2005b). A comparison of second-best and third-best tolling schemes on a road network. Transportation Research Record, 1932, 89–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1932-11.
De Palma, A., & Proost, S. (2006). Imperfect competition and congestion in the City. Journal of Urban Economics, 60(2), 185–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2005.08.002.
De Palma, A., Lindsey, R., & Proost, S. (2006a). Research challenges in modelling urban road pricing: An overview. Transport Policy, 13(2), 97–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.006.
De Palma, A., Lindsey, R., & Niskanen, E. (2006b). Policy insights from the urban road pricing case studies. Transport Policy, 13(2), 149–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.010.
De Palma, A., Lindsey, R., & Proost, S. (Eds.) (2007a). Investment and the use of tax and toll revenues in the transport sector. Research in Transportation Economics, 19. Oxford: Elsevier.
De Palma, A., Kilani, M., & Lindsey, R. (2007b). Maintenance, service quality and congestion pricing with competing roads. Transportation Research Part B, 41(5), 573–591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2006.10.001.
De Rus, G., & Romero, M. (2004). Private financing of roads and optimal pricing: Is it possible to get both? The Annals of Regional Science, 38, 485–497.
DeCorla-Souza, P. (2002). Estimating benefits from mileage-based vehicle insurance, taxes, and fees. Transportation Research Record, 1812, 171–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1812-21.
DeCorla-Souza, P. (2004). Recent U.S. experience: Pilot projects. In G. Santos (Ed.), Road pricing: Theory and evidence, research in transportation economics (Vol. 9, pp. 283–308). Oxford: Elsevier.
DeCorla-Souza, P. (2006). FAST Miles: Benefits and financial feasibility of multimodal investment and pricing strategy. Transportation Research Record, 1960, 152–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1960-18.
Dial, R. B. (1999a). Minimal-revenue congestion pricing. Part I: A fast algorithm for the single-origin case. Transportation Research Part B, 33(3), 189–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(98)00026-5.
Dial, R. B. (1999b). Network-optimized road pricing: Part I: A parable and a model. Operations Research, 47(1), 54–64.
Dial, R. B. (1999c). Network-optimized road pricing: Part II: Algorithms and examples. Operations Research, 47(2), 327–336.
Dial, R. B. (2000). Minimal-revenue congestion pricing. Part II: An efficient algorithm for the general case. Transportation Research Part B, 34(8), 645–665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00046-6.
Dimitriou, L., Tsekeris, T., & Stathopoulos, A. (2007). Evolutionary combinatorial programming for discrete road network design with reliability requirements. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4448, 678–687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71805-5_74.
Dimitriou, L., & Tsekeris, T. (2008). Evolutionary game-theoretic model for dynamic congestion pricing in multi-class traffic networks. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Dimitriou, L., Tsekeris, T., & Stathopoulos, A. (2008). Joint pricing and design of urban highways with spatial and user group heterogeneity. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Dong, J., Erdogan, S., Lu, C.-C., & Mahmassani, H. S. (2007). State-dependent pricing for real-time freeway management: Static, reactive and anticipatory. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 86th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
D’Ouville, E. L., & McDonald, J. F. (1990a). Optimal road capacity with a suboptimal congestion toll. Journal of Urban Economics, 28(1), 34–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(90)90040-T.
D’Ouville, E. L., & McDonald, J. F. (1990b). Effects of demand uncertainty on optimal capacity and congestion tolls for urban highways. Journal of Urban Economics, 28(1), 63–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(90)90042-L.
Ekström, J., Engelson, L., & Rydergren, C. (2008). Heuristic algorithms for a second-best congestion pricing problem. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Eliasson, J. (2001). Road pricing with limited information and heterogeneous users: A successful case. The Annals of Regional Science, 35(4), 595–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680100061.
Eliasson, J., & Mattsson, L.-G. (2001). Transport and location effects of road pricing: A simulation approach. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 35(3), 417–456.
Eliasson, J., & Mattsson, L.-G. (2006). Equity effects of congestion pricing: Quantitative methodology and a case study for Stockholm. Transportation Research Part A, 40(7), 602–620.
Engel, E., Fisher, R., & Galetovic, A. (2004). Toll competition among congested roads. Topics in Economic Analysis and Policy, 4(1), 1246.
Erhardt, G. D., Koppelman, F. S., Freedman, J., Davidson, W. A., & Mullins, A. (2003). Modeling the choice to use toll and high-occupancy vehicle facilities. Transportation Research Record, 1854, 135–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1854-15.
Ettema, D., Ashiru, O., & Polak, J. W. (2004). Modeling timing and duration of activities and trips in response to road-pricing policies. Transportation Research Record, 1894, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1894-01.
Ferrari, P. (1995). Road pricing and network equilibrium. Transportation Research Part B, 29(5), 357–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(95)00013-4.
Ferrari, P. (2002). Road network toll pricing and social welfare. Transportation Research Part B, 36(5), 471–483. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00016-9.
Ferrari, P. (2005). Road pricing and users’ surplus. Transport Policy, 12(6), 477–487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.02.007.
Forkenbrock, D. J. (1999). External costs of intercity truck freight transportation. Transportation Research Part A, 33(7–8), 505–526.
Forkenbrock, D. J. (2006). Financing local roads: Current problems and new paradigm. Transportation Research Record, 1960, 8–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1960-02.
Franklin, J. P. (2006). The equity effects of roadway tolls: An application of Hicksian welfare measures with income effects. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on travel behaviour research, Kyoto Japan.
Franklin, J. P. (2008). Nonparametric distributional analysis of a transportation policy: Stockholm’s congestion pricing trial. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Friesz, T. L. (1985). Transportation network equilibrium, design and aggregation: Key developments. Transport Reviews, 18(3), 257–278.
Friesz, T. L., Bernstein, D., & Kydes, N. (2004). Dynamic congestion pricing in disequilibrium. Networks and Spatial Ecomonics, 4(2), 181–202.
Gakenheimer, R. (1999). Urban mobility in the developing world. Transportation Research Part A, 33(7–8), 671–689.
Gardner, L., Unnikrishnan, A., & Waller, S. T. (2008). Robust pricing of transportation networks under uncertain demand. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Gentile, G., Papola, N., & Persia, L. (2005). Advanced pricing and rationing policies for large scale multimodal networks. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 612–631.
Gentili, M., & Mirchandani, P. B. (2005). Location of active sensors on a traffic network. Annals of Operations Research, 136(1), 229–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-005-2047-z.
Gibbons, E., & O’Mahony, M. (2002). External cost internalisation of urban transport: A case study of Dublin. Journal of Environmental Management, 64(4), 401–410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0516.
Gillen, D. W. (1977). Estimation and specification of the effects of parking costs on urban transport mode choice. Journal of Urban Economics, 4(2), 186–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(77)90022-5.
Glaister, S., & Graham, D. J. (2005). An evaluation of national road user charging in England. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 632–650.
Glazer, A. (1999). Time consistency of congestion tolls. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34(3), 301–309.
Glazer, A., & Niskanen, E. (2000). Which consumers benefit from congestion tolls? Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34(1), 43–54.
Goh, M. (2002). Congestion management and electronic road pricing in Singapore. Journal of Transport Geography, 10(1), 29–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(01)00036-9.
Golob, T. F. (2001). Joint models of attitudes and behavior in evaluation of the San Diego I-15 congestion pricing project. Transportation Research Part A, 35(6), 495–514.
Goodwin, P. (2004). Congestion charging in Central London: Lessons learned. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), 501–505. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000293242.
Gronau, R. (1994a). Fuel taxes and road-user charges in LDCs: Some lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 28(3), 255–273.
Gronau, R. (1994b). Optimal road capacity with a suboptimal congestion toll. Journal of Urban Economics, 36(1), 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1994.1022.
Guo, R., & Huang, H. (2007). Joint optimization model of road-use pricing and capacity using the optimal control theory. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 7(6), 61–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-6672(08)60003-3.
Haltmaier, S. (1997). Transport subsidies: U.S. case study. In Reforming energy and transport subsidies: Environmental and economic implications. OECD, Paris, France.
Hamdouch, Y., Florian, M., Hearn, D. W., & Lawphongpanich, S. (2007). Congestion pricing for multi-modal transportation systems. Transportation Research Part B, 41(3), 275–291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2006.04.003.
Hammar, H. (2007). Will a kilometre tax in Sweden affect its sawmill industry? A note. Transportation Research Part D, 12(7), 519–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2007.05.005.
Han, D., & Yang, H. (2008). The multi-class, multi-criterion traffic equilibrium and the efficiency of congestion pricing. Transportation Research Part E, 44(5), 753–773. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2007.07.011.
Harrison, W. J., Pell, C., Jones, P. M., & Ashton, H. (1986). Some advances in model design developed for the practical assessment of road pricing in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Part A, 20(2), 135–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90040-3.
Hau, T. D. (1990). Electronic road pricing: Developments in Hong Kong 1983–89. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 24(2), 203–214.
Hau, T. D. (1998). Congestion pricing and road investment. In K. J. Button & E. T. Verhoef (Eds.), Road pricing, traffic congestion and the environment (pp. 39–78). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Hau, T. D. (2005a). Economic fundamentals of road pricing: A diagrammatic analysis, Part I: Fundamentals. Transportmetrica, 1(2), 81–117.
Hau, T. D. (2005b). Economic fundamentals of road pricing: A diagrammatic analysis, Part II: Relaxation of assumptions. Transportmetrica, 1(2), 119–149.
He, L., & Walrand, J. (2006). Pricing and revenue sharing strategies for internet service providers. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 24(5), 942–951. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2006.872875.
Hearn, D. W., & Ramana, M. V. (1998). Solving congestion toll pricing models. In P. Marcotte & S. Nguyen (Eds.), Equilibrium and advanced transportation modeling (pp. 109–124). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
Hearn, D. W., & Yildirim, M. B. (2002). A toll pricing framework for traffic assignment problems with elastic demand. In M. Gendreau & P. Marcotte (Eds.), Transportation and network analysis: Current trends (pp. 135–145). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Hensher, D. A., & Puckett, S. M. (2005). Road user charging: The global relevance of recent developments in the United Kingdom. Transport Policy, 12(5), 377–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.06.002.
Hensher, D. A., & Puckett, S. M. (2008). Assessing the influence of distance-based charges on freight transporters. Transport Reviews, 28(1), 1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701345850.
Hess, S., Smith, C., Falzarano, S., & Stubits, J. (2008). Measuring the effects of different experimental designs and survey administration methods using an Atlanta Managed Lanes stated preference survey. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Hills, P. (1984). Hong Kong’s roads: Clearing the chaos. Cities (London, England), 1(3), 234–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(84)90097-0.
Ho, H. W., Wong, S. C., Yang, H., & Loo, B. P. Y. (2005). Cordon-based congestion pricing in a continuum traffic equilibrium system. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 813–834.
Holguín-Veras, J., Sackey, D., Hussain, S., & Ochieng, V. (2003). Economic and financial feasibility of truck toll lanes. Transportation Research Record, 1833, 66–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1833-09.
Holguín-Veras, J., Cetin, M., & Xia, S. (2006). A comparative analysis of US toll policy. Transportation Research Part A, 40(10), 852–871.
Holguín-Veras, J. (2008). Necessary conditions for off-hour deliveries and the effectiveness of urban freight road pricing and alternative financial policies in competitive markets. Transportation Research Part A, 42(2), 392–413.
Huang, H.-J., & Yang, H. (1996). Optimal variable road-use pricing on a congested network of parallel routes with elastic demand. In J. B. Lesort (Ed.), Proceedings of the 13th international symposium on transportation and traffic theory (pp. 479–500). Oxford: Elsevier.
Huang, H.-J. (2000). Fares and tolls in a competitive system with transit and highway: The case with two groups of commuters. Transportation Research Part E, 36(4), 267–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(00)00002-8.
Huang, H.-J. (2002). Pricing and logit-based mode choice models of a transit and highway system with elastic demand. European Journal of Operational Research, 140(3), 562–570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00228-4.
Hyman, G., & Mayhew, L. (2002). Optimizing the benefits of urban road user charging. Transport Policy, 9(3), 189–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00012-4.
Ieromonachou, P., Potter, S., & Warren, J. P. (2006). Norway’s urban toll rings: Evolving towards congestion charging? Transport Policy, 13(5), 367–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2006.01.003.
Ieromonachou, P., Potter, S., & Warren, J. P. (2007). Strategic niche analysis of urban road pricing in the UK and Norway. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 7(1), 15–38.
Ison, S. (1998). A concept in the right place at the wrong time: Congestion metering in the city of Cambridge. Transport Policy, 5(3), 139–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(98)00017-1.
ITS United Kingdom (2007). White paper: Technology options for road user charging in the UK. London, UK: ITS United Kingdom.
Jensen-Butler, C., Sloth, B., Larsen, M. M., Madsen, B., & Nielsen, O. A. (Eds.) (2008). Road pricing, the economy and the environment. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer.
Johansen, F. (1989). Toll road characteristics and toll road experience in selected South East Asia countries. Transportation Research Part A, 23(6), 463–466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(89)90067-8.
Johansson-Stenman, O. (2006). Optimal environmental road pricing. Economics Letters, 90(2), 225–229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.08.008.
Johnson, T., & Savage, I. (2006). Departure delays, the pricing of congestion, and expansion proposals at Chicago O’Hare Airport. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(4), 182–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2006.01.006.
Joksimovic, D., Bliemer, M. C. J., & Bovy, P. H. L. (2005a). Optimal toll design problem in dynamic traffic networks with joint route and departure time choice. Transportation Research Record, 1923, 61–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1923-07.
Joksimovic, D., Bliemer, M. C. J., Bovy, P. H. L., & Verwater-Lukszo, Z. (2005b). Dynamic road pricing for optimizing network performance with heterogeneous users. In IEEE proceedings of the international conference in networking, sensing and control (pp. 407–412). Tucson, AZ.
Joumard, R., Lamure, C., Lambert, J., & Tripiana, F. (1996). Air quality and urban space management. The Science of the Total Environment, 189–190, 57–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05191-1.
Jovicic, G., & Hansen, C. O. (2003). A passenger travel demand model for Copenhagen. Transportation Research Part A, 37(4), 333–349.
Kalmanje, S., & Kockelman, K. M. (2004). Credit-based congestion pricing: Travel, land value, and welfare impacts. Transportation Research Record, 1864, 45–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1864-07.
Kanemoto, Y. (1980). Theories of urban externalities. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Karoonsoontawong, A., Ukkusuri, S. V., Waller, S. T., & Kockelman, K. M. (2008). Simulation-based heuristic approach for dynamic marginal cost pricing. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Katerelos, I. D., & Koulouris, A. G. (2004). Is prediction possible? Chaotic behavior of multiple equilibria regulation model in cellular automata topology. Complexity, 10(1), 23–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.20052.
Keeler, T. E., & Small, K. A. (1977). Optimal peak-load pricing, investment and service levels on urban expressways. The Journal of Political Economy, 85(1), 1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/260543.
Khazzoom, D. J. (1991). The impact of a gasoline tax on auto exhaust emissions. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 10(3), 434–454. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/3325325.
Kim, K. S., & Hwang, K. (2005). An application of road pricing schemes to urban expressways in Seoul. Cities (London, England), 22(1), 43–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2004.10.005.
Kim, D., & Schonfeld, P. M. (2008). Road network design with road space allocation and toll funding. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Knight, F. (1924). Some fallacies in the interpretation of social cost. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 38(4), 582–606. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1884592.
Kobayashi, K., & Do, M. (2005). The informational impacts of congestion tolls upon route traffic demands. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 651–670.
Kockelman, K. M., & Kalmanje, S. (2005). Credit-based congestion pricing: A policy proposal and the public’s response. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 671–690.
Köhler, J., Jin, Y., & Barker, T. (2008). Integrated modelling of EU transport policy: Assessing economic growth impacts from social marginal cost pricing and infrastructure investment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 42(1), 1–21.
Koopman, G. J. (1997). Long-term challenges for inland transport in the European Union: 1997–2010: Consequences for transport fuel economy and use. Energy Policy, 25(14–15), 1151–1161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00107-9.
Koutsoupias, E., & Papadimitriou, C. H. (1999). Worst-case equilibria. In Proceedings of the 16th annual symposium on theoretical aspects of computer science (pp. 404–413). Trier, Germany.
Kraus, M. (1982). Highway pricing and capacity choice under uncertain demand. Journal of Urban Economics, 12(1), 122–128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(82)90009-2.
Kraus, M. (1989). The welfare gains from pricing road congestion using automatic vehicle identification and on-vehicle meters. Journal of Urban Economics, 25(3), 261–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(89)90050-8.
Kunchornrat, J., Pairintra, R., & Namprakai, P. (2008). Sustainable energy management in urban transport: The public’s response of road congestion pricing in Thailand. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(8), 2211–2226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.04.014.
Kuwahara, M. (2007). A theory and implications on dynamic marginal cost. Transportation Research Part A, 41(7), 627–643.
Laffont, J.-J., & Tirole, J. (1994). Access pricing and competition. European Economic Review, 38(9), 1673–1710. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)90046-9.
Laih, C.-H. (1994). Queueing at a bottleneck with single- and multi-step tolls. Transportation Research Part A, 28(3), 197–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(94)90007-8.
Lam, W. H. K. (1989). Optimization of transport investment and pricing policies: The role of transport pricing in network design. Transportation Planning and Technology, 13(4), 245–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03081068908717404.
Lam, T. (2004). Evaluating value-pricing projects with both scheduling and route choices. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 34(2), 225–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(03)00025-5.
Langmyhr, T. (1997). Managing equity. The case of road pricing. Transport Policy, 4(1), 25–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(96)00031-5.
Larsen, O. I., & Ostmoe, K. (2001). The experience of urban toll cordons in Norway. Lessons for the future. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 35(3), 457–471.
Larsson, T., & Patriksson, M. (1998). Side constrained traffic equilibrium models – traffic management through link tolls. In P. Marcotte & S. Nguyen (Eds.), Equilibrium and advanced transportation modeling (pp. 125–151). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Lawphongpanich, S., Hearn, D. W., & Smith, M. J. (Eds.) (2006). Mathematical and computational models for congestion charging. New York: Springer.
Layard, R. (1977). The distributional effects of congestion taxes. Economica, 44(175), 297–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2553654.
Leape, J. (2006). The London congestion charge. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(4), 157–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.157.
Lee, K.-S., & Hobeika, A. G. (2007). Application of dynamic value pricing through enhancements to TRANSIMS. Transportation Research Record, 2003, 7–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/2003-02.
Levine, J., & Garb, Y. (2002). Congestion pricing’s conditional promise: Promotion of accessibility or mobility? Transport Policy, 9(3), 179–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00007-0.
Levinson, D. (1998). Case study: Road pricing in practice. In K. J. Button & E. T. Verhoef (Eds.), Road pricing, traffic congestion and the environment: Issues in efficiency and social feasibility (pp. 14–39). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Levinson, D. (2002). Financing transportation networks. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Levinson, D., & Rafferty, P. (2004). Delayer pays principle: Examining congestion pricing with compensation. International Journal of Transport Economics, 31(3), 295–311.
Levinson, D., & Odlyzko, A. (2008). Too expensive to meter: The influence of transaction costs in transportation and communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 366(1872), 2033–2046.
Li, M. Z. F. (1999). Estimating congestion toll by using traffic count data—Singapore’s area licensing scheme. Transportation Research Part E, 35(1), 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(98)00019-2.
Li, M. Z. F. (2002). The role of speed–flow relationship in congestion pricing implementation with an application to Singapore. Transportation Research Part B, 36(8), 731–754. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00026-1.
Li, J., Gillen, D., & Dahlgren, J. (1999). Benefit–cost evaluation of the electronic toll collection system: A comprehensive framework and application. Transportation Research Record, 1659, 31–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1659-04.
Li, H., Bliemer, M. C. J., & Bovy, P. H. L. (2007a). Optimal toll design from reliability perspective. In Proceedings of the 6th triennial symposium on transportation analysis. Phuket, Thailand.
Li, Z. C., Huang, H. J., Lam, W. H. K., & Wong, S. C. (2007b). Time-differential pricing of road tolls and parking charges in a transport network with elastic demand. In R. E. Allsop, M. G. H. Bell, B. G. Heydecker (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on transportation and traffic theory (pp. 55–85). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Li, X., Szeto, W. Y., & O’Mahony, M. (2007c). Incorporating land use, transport and environmental considerations into time-dependent tolling strategies. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 7, 360–375.
Lian, J. I. (2007). The Oslo and Bergen toll rings and road-building investment—effect on traffic development and congestion. Journal of Transport Geography, 16(3), 174–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.08.004.
Lim, C. C. (1997). The status of transportation demand management in Greater Vancouver and energy implications. Energy Policy, 25(14–15), 1193–1202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(97)00114-6.
Lindsey, R. (2005). Recent developments and current policy issues in road pricing in the US and Canada. European Transport, 31, 46–66.
Link, H. (2008). Acceptability of the German charging scheme for heavy goods vehicles: Empirical evidence from a freight company survey. Transport Reviews, 28(2), 141–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701474809.
Litman, T. (1997). Full cost accounting of urban transportation: Implications and tools. Cities (London, England), 14(3), 169–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(97)00057-7.
Littlechild, S. C. (1973). Myopic investment rules and toll charges in a transport network. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 7(2), 194–203.
Liu, L. N. (1996). Multi-period congestion pricing models and efficient tolls in urban road systems. The Review of Network Economics, 3(4), 381–391.
Liu, L. N., & McDonald, J. F. (1999). Economic efficiency of second-best congestion pricing schemes in urban highway systems. Transportation Research Part B, 33(3), 157–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(98)00025-3.
Liu, L. N., & Boyce, D. E. (2002). Variational inequality formulation of the system-optimal travel choice problem and efficient congestion tolls for a general transportation network with multiple time periods. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 32(5), 627–650. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(01)00095-3.
Liu, Y., Guo, X., & Yang, H. (2008). Pareto-improving and revenue-neutral congestion pricing schemes in two-mode traffic networks. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Lo, H. K., & Szeto, W. Y. (2005). Road pricing modeling for hyper-congestion. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 705–722.
Lu, C.-C., Mahmassani, H. S., & Zhou, X. (2007). A bi-criterion dynamic user equilibrium traffic assignment model and solution algorithm for evaluating dynamic road pricing strategies. Transportation Research Part C, 16(4), 371–389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2007.08.002.
Luo, Q., Juan, Z., Sun, B., & Jia, H. (2007). Method research on measuring the external costs of urban traffic congestion. Journal of Transportation Systems. Engineering and Information Technology, 7(5), 9–12.
Madsen, B., Jensen-Butler, C., Kronbak, J., & Leleur, S. (2008). A systems approach to modelling the regional economic effects of road pricing. In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Sloth, M. M. Larsen, B. Madsen, & O. A. Nielsen (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy and the environment (pp. 229–265). Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer.
Magnanti, T. L., & Wong, R. T. (1984). Network design and transportation planning: Models and algorithms. Transportation Science, 18(1), 1–55.
Malko, J. R., & Swensen, P. R. (2008). Some lessons learned: Electricity costing and pricing. The Electricity Journal, 21(1), 82–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2007.12.005.
Markose, S., Alentorn, A., Koesrindartoto, D., Allen, P., Blythe, P., & Grosso, S. (2007). A smart market for passenger road transport (SMPRT) congestion: An application of computational mechanism design. Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 31(6), 2001–2032. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2007.01.005.
Maruyama, T., & Sumalee, A. (2007). Efficiency and equity comparison of cordon- and area-based road pricing schemes using a trip-chain equilibrium model. Transportation Research Part A, 41(7), 655–671.
Massiani, J., & Ragazzi, G. (2008). Costs and efficiency of highway concessionaires: A survey of Italian operators. European Tranport, 38, 85–106.
Matsuda, W., Tsukada, Y., & Kikuchi, M. (2005). Flexible charge measures used on toll roads: An analysis of demonstration projects in Japan. Transportation Research Record, 1932, 137–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1932-16.
Mattsson, L.-G. (2008). Road pricing: Consequences for traffic, congestion and location. In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Sloth, M. M. Larsen, B. Madsen, & O. A. Nielsen (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy and the environment (pp. 29–48). Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer.
May, A. D., & Milne, D. S. (2000). Effects of alternative road pricing systems on network performance. Transportation Research Part A, 34(6), 407–436.
May, A. D., Shepherd, S. P., Minken, H., Markussen, T., Emberger, G., & Pfaffenbichler, P. (2001). The use of response surfaces in specifying transport strategies. Transport Policy, 8(4), 267–278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00021-X.
May, A. D., Liu, R., Shepherd, S. P., & Sumalee, A. (2002). The impact of cordon design on the performance of road pricing schemes. Transport Policy, 9(3), 209–220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00031-8.
Mayet, J., & Hansen, M. (1999). Congestion pricing with continuously distributed values of time. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 34(3), 359–369.
Mcdonald, J. F. (2004). Road pricing in practice and theory. The Review of Network Economics, 3(4), 347–355.
McKinnon, A. C. (2006). Government plans for lorry road-user charging in the UK: A critique and an alternative. Transport Policy, 13(3), 204–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.09.002.
Meng, Q., & Wang, X. (2008). Sensitivity analysis of logit-based stochastic user equilibrium network flows with entry-exit toll schemes. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 23(2), 138–156.
Milchtaich, I. (1996). Congestion games with player-specific payoff functions. Games and Economic Behavior, 13(1), 111–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/game.1996.0027.
Mills, G. (1995). Welfare and profit divergence for a tolled link in a road network. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 29, 137–146.
Mitchell, G. (2005). Forecasting environmental equity: Air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK. Journal of Environmental Management, 77(3), 212–226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.013.
Mohring, H., & Harwitz, M. (1962). Highway benefits: An analytical framework. Evanston IL: Northwestern University Press.
Moon, D.-J., & Park, C.-H. (2002). Optimal congestion charges in general equilibrium. IATSS Research, 26(1), 45–57.
Morrison, S. A. (1986). A survey of road pricing. Transportation Research Part A, 20(2), 87–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90035-X.
Mun, S.-I. (1999). Peak-load pricing of a bottleneck with traffic jam. Journal of Urban Economics, 46(3), 323–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1998.2125.
Mun, S.-I., Konishi, K., & Yoshikawa, K. (2003). Optimal cordon pricing. Journal of Urban Economics, 54(1), 21–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00022-6.
Mun, S.-I., Konishi, K.-J., & Yoshikawa, K. (2005). Optimal cordon pricing in a non-monocentric city. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 723–736.
Munk, K. J. (2008). Evaluation of the introduction of road pricing using a computable general equilibrium model. In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Sloth, M. M. Larsen, B. Madsen, & O. A. Nielsen (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy and the environment (pp. 167–191). Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer.
Murray, P. M., Mahmassani, H. S., & Abdelghany, K. F. (2001). Methodology for assessing High-Occupancy Toll-lane usage and network performance. Transportation Research Record, 1765, 8–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1765-02.
Nagae, T., & Akamatsu, T. (2006). Dynamic revenue management of a toll road project under transportation demand uncertainty. Networks and Spatial Economics, 6(3–4), 345–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11067-9288-5.
Nagurney, A. (1993). Network economics: A variational inequality approach. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Nakamura, K., & Kockelman, K. (2002). Congestion pricing and roadspace rationing: An application to the San Francisco Bay Bridge corridor. Transportation Research Part A, 36(5), 403–417.
Nash, C., Sansom, T., & Still, B. (2001). Modifying transport prices to internalise externalities: Evidence from European case studies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31(4), 413–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(01)00059-X.
Newbery, D. M. (1988). Road damage externalities and road user charges. Econometrica, 56(1), 295–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1911073.
Newbery, D. M. (1990). Pricing and congestion: Economic principles relevant to pricing roads. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 6(2), 22–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/6.2.22.
Nicolini-Llosa, J. L. (2002). Toll road concessions in Argentina: What can be learned. Transportation Research Record, 1812, 10–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1812-02.
Nielsen, O. A. (2004). Behavioral responses to road pricing schemes: Description of the Danish AKTA experiment. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 8(4), 233–251.
Noland, R. B., Quddus, M. A., & Ochieng, W. Y. (2008). The effect of the London congestion charge on road casualties: An intervention analysis. Transportation, 35(1), 73–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-007-9133-9.
Oberholzer-Gee, F., & Weck-Hannemann, H. (2002). Pricing road use: Politico-economic and fairness considerations. Transportation Research Part D, 7(5), 357–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(02)00005-6.
Odeck, J. (2008). How efficient and productive are road toll companies? Evidence from Norway. Transport Policy, 15(4), 232–241.
Odeck, J., & Brathen, S. (2002). Toll financing in Norway: The success, the failures and perspectives for the future. Transport Policy, 9(3), 253–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(02)00030-6.
Odlyzko, A. (2004). The evolution of price discrimination in transportation and its implications for the internet. Review of Network Economics, 3(3), 323–346.
OECD (1991). Utility pricing and access: Competition for monopolies. Paris, France: International Energy Agency, OECD.
Oh, J. E., Labi, S., & Sinha, K. C. (2007). Implementation and evaluation of self-financing highway pricing schemes: A case study. Transportation Research Record, 1996, 25–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1996-04.
Olszewski, P., & Xie, L. (2005). Modelling the effects of road pricing on traffic in Singapore. Transportation Research Part A, 39(7–9), 755–772.
Otterström, T. (1995). Pricing of environmental impacts of emissions from road traffic—recent and present research in Finland. The Science of the Total Environment, 169(1–3), 311–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04663-L.
Ozbay, K., Yanmaz-Tuzel, O., & Holguín-Veras, J. (2006). Evaluation of combined traffic impacts of time-of-day pricing program and E-ZPass usage on New Jersey Turnpike. Transportation Research Record, 1960, 40–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1960-06.
Parry, I. W. H., & Bento, A. (2001). Revenue recycling and the welfare effects of road pricing. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 103(4), 645–671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00264.
Parry, I. W. H., Walls, M., & Harrington, W. (2007). Automobile externalities and policies. Journal of Economic Literature, 45(1), 373–399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.45.2.373.
Peeta, S., & Ziliaskopoulos, A. K. (2001). Foundations of dynamic traffic assignment: The past, the present and the future. Networks and Spatial Economics, 1(3–4), 233–265. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012827724856.
Pels, E., & Verhoef, E. T. (2007). Infrastructure pricing and competition between modes in urban transport. Environment & Planning A, 39(9), 2119–2138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a38425.
Penchina, C. M. (2004). Minimal-revenue congestion pricing: Some more good-news and bad-news. Transportation Research Part B, 38(6), 559–570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2003.07.002.
Perakis, G. (2007). The price of anarchy under nonlinear and asymmetric costs. Mathematics of Operations Research, 32(3), 614–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.1070.0258.
Phang, S.-Y., & Toh, R. S. (1997). From manual to electronic road congestion pricing: The Singapore experience and experiment. Transportation Research Part E, 33(2), 97–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(97)00006-9.
Pickford, A. T. W., & Blythe, P. T. (2006). Road user charging and electronic toll collection. London: Artech House.
Pigou, A. C. (1920). The economics of welfare. London, UK: Macmillan.
Pretty, R. L. (1988). Road pricing: A solution for Hong Kong? Transportation Research Part A, 22(5), 319–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(88)90010-6.
Proost, S., & Van Dender, K. (2001). The welfare impacts of alternative policies to address atmospheric pollution in urban road transport. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 31(4), 383–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(00)00079-X.
Proost, S., Van Dender, K., Courcelle, C., De Borger, B., Peirson, J., Sharp, D., et al. (2002). How large is the gap between present and efficient transport prices in Europe? Transport Policy, 9(1), 41–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00029-4.
Proost, S., & Van Dender, K. (2008). Optimal urban transport pricing in the presence of congestion, economies of density and costly public funds. Transportation Research Part A. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2008.03.009.
Prud’homme, R., & Bocajero, J. P. (2005). The London congestion charge: A tentative economic appraisal. Transport Policy, 12(3), 279–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.03.001.
Quddus, M. A., Bell, M. G. H., Schmöcker, J.-D., & Fonzone, A. (2007). The impact of the congestion charge on the retail busuness in London: An econometric analysis. Transport Policy, 14(5), 433–444.
Rajé, F. (2003). The impact of transport on social exclusion processes with specific emphasis on road user charging. Transport Policy, 10(4), 321–338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00038-6.
Raux, C., Mercier, A., & Souche, S. (2007). French multi-modal transport funds: Issues of cross-financing and pricing. In A. de Palma, R. Lindsey, & S. Proost (Eds.), Investment and the use of tax and toll revenues in the transport sector. Research in Transportation Economics (Vol. 9, pp. 243–268). Elsevier, Oxford.
Rich, J., & Nielsen, O. A. (2007). A socio-economic assessment of proposed road user charging schemes in Copenhagen. Transport Policy, 14(4), 330–345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.03.003.
Richards, M. G. (2006). Congestion charging in London. The policy and the politics. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richardson, H. W. (1974). A note on the distributional effects of road pricing. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 8(1), 82–85.
Roch, S., Savard, G., & Marcotte, P. (2005). An approximation algorithm for Stackelberg network pricing. Networks, 46, 57–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/net.20074.
Roth, G. (1996) Roads in a market economy. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Roth, G. (ed.) (2006). Street smart: Competition, enterpreneurship, and the future of roads. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher.
Roth, E. A. (2002). The economist as engineer: Game theory, experimentation, and computation as tools for design economics. Econometrica, 70(4), 1341–1378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00335.
Roughgarden, T., & Tardos, E. (2002). Bounding the inefficiency of equilibria in nonatomic congestion games. Games and Economic Behavior, 47(2), 389–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2003.06.004.
Roughgarden, T. (2005). Selfish routing and the price of anarchy. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Rouwendal, J., & Verhoef, E. T. (2004). Second best pricing for imperfect substitutes in urban networks. In G. Santos (Ed), Road pricing: Theory and evidence, research in transportation economics (Vol. 9, pp. 27–60). Oxford: Elsevier.
Rouwendal, J., & Verhoef, E. T. (2006). Basic economic principles of road pricing: From theory to applications. Transport Policy, 13(2), 106–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.007.
Safirova, E., Gillingham, K., Parry, I., Nelson, P., Harrington, W., & Mason, D. (2004). Welfare and distributional effects of road pricing schemes for metropolitan Washington D.C. In G. Santos (Ed.), Road pricing: Theory and evidence, research in transportation economics (Vol. 9, pp. 179–206). Oxford: Elsevier.
Safirova, E., Gillingham, K., & Houde, S. (2007a). Measuring marginal congestion costs of urban transportation: Do networks matter? Transportation Research Part A, 41(8), 734–749.
Safirova, E., Houde, S., Coleman, C., Harrington, W., & Lipman, A. (2007b). A small cordon in the hand is worth two in the bush: Long-term consequences of road pricing. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 86th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Sandholm, W. H. (2002). Evolutionary implementation and congestion pricing. The Review of Economic Studies, 69(3), 667–689. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-937X.t01-1-00026.
Santos, G., Newbery, D., & Rojey, L. (2001). Static vs. demand sensitive models and the estimation of efficient cordon tolls: An exercise for eight English towns. Transportation Research Record, 1747, 44–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1747-06.
Santos, G. (2002). Double cordon tolls in urban areas to increase social welfare. Transportation Research Record, 1812, 53–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1812–07.
Santos, G. (Ed.) (2004). Road pricing: Theory and evidence. Research in Transportation Economics (Vol. 9). Oxford: Elsevier.
Santos, G., & Rojey, L. (2004). Distributional impacts of road pricing: The truth behind the myth. Transportation, 31(1), 21–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PORT.0000007234.98158.6b.
Santos, G., & Fraser, G. (2006). Road pricing: Lessons from London. Economic Policy, 21(46), 264–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00159.x.
Sato, T., & Hino, S. (2005). A spatial CGE analysis of road pricing in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6, 608–623.
Saurí, S., Argote, J., Salas, M., & Robuste, F. (2008). Optimal road pricing for quality service. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC, 2008.
Schade, J., & Schlag, B. (2003). Acceptability of urban transport pricing strategies. Transportation Research Part F, 6(1), 45–61.
Schade, W., & Rothengatter, W. (2005). Research issues in transport economics: Dynamics, integration and indirect effects. In C. Böhringer & A. Lange (Eds.), Applied research in environmental economics (pp. 155–184). Heidelberg: Springer.
Schmöcker, J.-D., Fonzone, A., Quddus, M., & Bell, M. G. H. (2004). Changes in the frequency of shopping trips in response to a congestion charge. Transport Policy, 13(3), 217–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.09.005.
Schuitema, G., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2007). Are pricing policies effective to change car use? IATSS Research, 31(1), 21–31.
Schweitzer, L., & Taylor, B. D. (2008). Just pricing: The distributional effects of congestion pricing and sales taxes. Transportation. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-008-9165-9.
Seik, F. T. (2000). An advanced demand management instrument in urban transport: Electronic road pricing in Singapore. Cities (London, England), 17(1), 33–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00050-5.
Senbil, M., & Kitamura, R. (2008). Policy effects on decisions under uncertainty: Simulation with mixed logit models of toll expressway users. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Sharp, C., Button, K., & Deadman, D. (1986). The economics of tolled road crossings. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 20(2), 255–274.
Shefer, D. (1994). Congestion, air pollution, and road fatalities in urban areas. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 26(4), 501–509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)90041-8.
Shepherd, S. P. (2002). Towards marginal cost pricing: A comparison of alternative pricing systems. Transportation, 30, 411–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024727924926.
Shepherd, S. P., & Sumalee, A. (2004). A genetic algorithm based approach to optimal toll level and location problem. Networks and Spatial Economics, 4(2), 161–179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NETS.0000027771.13826.3a.
Shepherd, S. P., Zhang, X., Emberger, G., Hudson, M., May, A. D., & Paulley, N. (2006). Designing optimal urban transport strategies: The role of individual policy instruments and the impact of financial constraints. Transport Policy, 13(1), 49–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.08.002.
Shepherd, S. P. (2008). The effect of complex models of externalities on estimated optimal tolls. Transportation, 35, 559–577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-007-9157-1.
Shi, J. (2006). Applied study of price discrimination implemented on a two-path route expressway. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 11(6), 632–639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(06)70245-0.
Siu, B. W. Y., & Lo, H. K. (2007). Integrated tolling and capacity expansion schedule for transportation network management. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 7, 2305–2320.
Small, K. A. (1992). Using the revenues from congestion pricing. Transportation, 19(4), 359–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01098639.
Small, K. A., & Yan, J. (2001). The value of “value pricing” of roads: Second-best pricing and product differentiation. Journal of Urban Economics, 49(2), 310–336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2000.2195.
Small, K. A., Winston, C., & Yan, J. (2006). Differentiated pricing, express lanes, and carpools: Exploiting heterogeneous preferences in policy design. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 7, 53–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2006.0027.
Small, K. A., & Verhoef, E. T. (2007). The economics of urban transportation. London: Routledge.
Smith, A., Eriksson, E., & Lindberg, P. (1994). Existence of optimal tolls under conditions of stochastic user-equilibria. In B. Johansson & L. Mattsson (Eds.), Road pricing: Theory, empirical assessment and policy (pp. 65–87). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Smith, M. J. (2006). Bilevel optimisation of prices and signals in transportation models. In S. Lawphongpanich, D. W. Hearn, & M. J. Smith (Eds.), Mathematical and computational models for congestion charging (pp. 159–200). New York: Springer.
Steiner, T. J., & Bristow, A. L. (2000). Road pricing in National Parks: A case study in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Transport Policy, 7(2), 93–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(99)00026-8.
Steininger, K. W., Friedl, B., & Gebetsroither, B. (2007). Sustainability impacts of car road pricing: A computable general equilibrium analysis for Austria. Ecological Economics, 63(1), 59–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.09.021.
Stewart, K., & Maher, M. J. (2006). Minimal revenue network tolling: System optimisation under stochastic assignment. In S. Lawphongpanich, D. W. Hearn, & M. J. Smith (Eds.), Mathematical and computational models for congestion charging (pp. 201–218). New York: Springer.
Stewart, K. (2007). Tolling traffic links under stochastic assignment: Modelling the relationship between the number and price level of tolled links and optimal traffic flows. Transportation Research Part A, 41(7), 644–654.
Stiller, B., Reichl, P., & Leinen, S. (2001). Pricing and cost recovery for internet services: Practical review, classification and application of relevant models. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking, 3(2), 149–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011407413900.
Sumalee, A., May, T., & Shepherd, S. (2005). Comparison of judgmental and optimal road pricing cordons. Transport Policy, 12(5), 384–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.06.006.
Supernak, J., Kaschade, C., & Steffey, D. (2003). Dynamic value pricing on I-15 in San Diego: Impact on travel time and its reliability. Transportation Research Record, 1839, 45–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1839-04.
Szeto, W. Y., & Lo, H. K. (2006a). Dynamic traffic assignment: Properties and extensions. Transportmetrica, 2(1), 31–52.
Szeto, W. Y., & Lo, H. K. (2006b). Transportation network improvement and tolling strategies: The issue of intergeneration equity. Transportation Research Part A, 40(3), 227–243.
Szeto, W. Y. (2007). Competition between information service providers and toll road operators: Modeling frameworks. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 11(1), 41–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450601122421.
Szeto, W. Y., & Lo, H. K. (2008). Time-dependent transport network improvement and tolling strategies. Transportation Research Part A, 42(2), 376–391.
Tabuchi, T. (1993). Bottleneck congestion and modal split. Journal of Urban Economics, 34(3), 414–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1993.1044.
Takama, T., & Preston, J. (2008). Forecasting the effects of road user charge by stochastic agent-based modeling. Transportation Research Part A, 42(4), 738–749.
Teodorovic, D., & Edara, P. (2007). A real-time road pricing system: The case of a two-link parallel network. Computers & Operations Research, 34(1), 2–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2005.02.041.
Teubel, U. (2000). The welfare effects and distributional impacts of road user charges on commuters: An empirical analysis of Dresden. International Journal of Transport Economics, 27(2), 231–255.
Thorpe, N., & Hills, P. (2003). Investigating drivers’ responses to road-user charges using global positioning system (GPS) technology. IATSS Research, 27(1), 75–84.
TRB (2005). International perspectives on road pricing. In TRB conference Proceedings, Transportation Research Board (Vol. 34). Washington, DC.
Tsai, J.-F. (2003). Road investment and congestion tolling with information provision. Taipei Economic Inquiry, 39(1), 71–102.
Tsai, J.-F., & Chu, C.-P. (2003). The analysis of regulation on private highway investment under a build-operate-transfer scheme. Transportation, 30, 221–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022503428001.
Turvey, R. (2000). Infrastructure access pricing and lumpy investments. Utilities Policy, 9(4), 207–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0957-1787(02)00005-X.
Ubbels, B., & Verhoef, E. T. (2008). Governmental competition in road charging and capacity choice. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 38(2), 174–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.01.001.
Ungemah, D. (2007). This land is your land, this land is my land: Addressing equity and fairness in tolling and pricing. Transportation Research Record, 2013, 13–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/2013-03.
Vadali, S. (2008). Toll roads and economic development: Exploring effects on property values. The Annals of Regional Science, 42(3), 591–620. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-007-0180-0.
Van Dender, K. (2004). Pricing transport networks with fixed residential location. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 34(3), 289–307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(03)00057-7.
Varaiya, P. (2008). Freeway congestion, ramp metering, and tolls. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 366(1872), 1921–1930.
Verhoef, E. T., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (1995). The economics of regulatory parking policies: The (IM)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation. Transportation Research Part A, 29(2), 141–156.
Verhoef, E. T., Emmerink, R. H. M., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (1996a). Information provision, flat and fine congestion tolling and the efficiency of road usage. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(5), 465–559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(96)02130-8.
Verhoef, E. T., Nijkamp, P., & Rietveld, P. (1996b). Second-best congestion pricing the case of an untolled alternative. Journal of Urban Economics, 40(3), 279–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1996.0033.
Verhoef, E. T., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., & Button, K. J. (1997). Transport, spatial economy, and the global environment. Environment & Planning A, 29(7), 1195–1213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a291195.
Verhoef, E. T. (1999). Time, speeds, flows and densities in static models of road traffic congestion and congestion pricing. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 29(3), 341–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(98)00032-5.
Verhoef, E. T. (2001). An integrated dynamic model of road traffic congestion based on simple car-following theory: Exploring hypercongestion. Journal of Urban Economics, 49(3), 505–542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2000.2203.
Verhoef, E. T. (2002). Second-best congestion pricing in general networks. Heuristic algorithms for finding second-best optimal toll levels and toll points. Transportation Research Part B, 36(8), 707–729. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(01)00025-X.
Verhoef, E. T., & Rouwendal, J. (2004). Pricing, capacity choice, and financing in transportation networks. Journal of Regional Science, 44(3), 405–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4146.2004.00343.x.
Verhoef, E. T., & Small, K. A. (2004). Product differentiation on roads: Constrained congestion pricing with heterogeneous users. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 38(1), 127–156.
Verhoef, E. T. (2007). Second-best road pricing through highway franchising. Journal of Urban Economics, 62(2), 337–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2006.11.001.
Verhoef, E. T., Koh, A., & Shepherd, S. (2008). Pricing, capacity and long-run cost functions for first-best and second-best network problems. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper TI 2008-056/3, Amsterdam (available at SSRN: https://doi.org/ssrn.com/abstract=1143283).
Vickerman, R. (2005). Evaluating the wider economic impacts of congestion charging schemes: The limitations of conventional modeling approaches. In Proceedings of the 45th European regional science association congress. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Vickrey, W. S. (1969). Congestion theory and transport investment. The American Economic Review, 59(2), 251–260.
Viegas, J. M. (2001). Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: Searching for quality and equity in urban mobility. Transport Policy, 8(4), 289–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00024-5.
Viegas, J. M. (Ed.) (2005). Interurban road charging for trucks in Europe. In Research in transportation economics (Vol. 11). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Viton, P. A. (1995). Private roads. Journal of Urban Economics, 37(3), 260–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1995.1014.
Vold, A. (2006). Phased implementation of transport pricing for Greater Oslo. Transport Policy, 13(2), 140–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.009.
Wallace, B., Mannering, F., & Rutherford, G. S. (1999). Evaluating effects of transportation demand management strategies on trip generation by using Poisson and negative binomial regression. Transportation Research Record, 1682, 70–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1682-09.
Waller, S. T., Kockelman, K. M., Ukkusuri, S. V., & Boyles, S. (2006). Examining the benefit of accounting for traffic dynamics in congestion pricing applications. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 85th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Walters, A. A. (1961). The theory and measurement of private and social cost of highway congestion. Econometrica, 29(4), 676–699. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1911814.
Wang, J. Y. T., Yang, H., & Verhoef, E. T. (2004). Strategic interactions of bilateral monopoly on a private highway. Networks and Spatial Economics, 4(2), 203–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NETS.0000027773.75570.5f.
Ward, J. L., & Sussman, J. M. (2006). Malaysian toll road public–private partnership program: Analysis and recommendations for policy improvements. Transportation Research Record, 1960, 119–127. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1960-14.
Wardrop, J. G. (1952). Some theoretical aspects of road traffic research. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 2(1), 325–362.
Washbrook, K., Haider, W., & Jaccard, M. (2006). Estimating commuter mode choice: A discrete choice analysis of the impact of road pricing and parking charges. Transportation, 33(6), 621–639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-005-5711-x.
Weinstein, A., & Sciara, G.-C. (2006). Unraveling equity in HOT lane planning: A view from practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(2), 174–184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X06288093.
Weisbrod, G., Vary, D., & Treyz, G. (2003). Measuring economic costs of urban traffic congestion to business. Transportation Research Record, 1839, 98–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1839-10.
Whitehead, T. (2002). Road user charging and business performance: Identifying the processes of economic change. Transport Policy, 9(3), 221–240.
Whitehead, T., Preston, J., & Holvad, T. (2005). The whole-life impacts of transport-charging interventions on business performance: A time-marching framework. Environment and Planning A, 37(5), 877–894.
Wie, B., & Tobin, R. L. (1998). Dynamic congestion pricing models for general traffic networks. Transportation Research Part B, 32(5), 313–327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(97)00043-X.
Wie, B. (2007). Dynamic Stackelberg equilibrium congestion pricing. Transportation Research Part C, 15(3), 154–174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2007.03.002.
Wilson, J. D. (1983). Optimal road capacity in the presence of unpriced congestion. Journal of Urban Economics, 13(3), 337–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(83)90038-4.
Xiao, F., Yang, H., & Han, D. (2007). Competition and efficiency of private toll roads. Transportation Research Part B, 41(3), 292–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2006.05.002.
Xiao, F., & Yang, H. (2008). Efficiency loss of private road with continuously distributed value-of-time. Transportmetrica, 4(1), 19–32.
Xin, W., & Levinson, D. M. (2007). Stochastic congestion and pricing model with endogenous departure time selection and heterogeneous travelers. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 86th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Yamamoto, T., Fujii, S., Kitamura, R., & Yoshida, H. (2000). Analysis of time allocation, departure time, and route choice behavior under congestion pricing. Transportation Research Record, 1725, 95–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1725-13.
Yang, F., Yin, Y., & Lu, J. (2007). Steepest descent day-to-day dynamic toll. Transportation Research Record, 2039, 83–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/2039-10.
Yang, F. (2008). Day-to-day dynamic optimal tolls with elastic demand. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Yang, H., & Lam, W. H. K. (1996). Optimal road tolls under conditions of queueing and congestion. Transportation Research Part A, 30(5), 319–332.
Yang, H., & Bell, M. G. H. (1997). Traffic restraint, road pricing and network equilibrium. Transportation Research Part B, 31(4), 303–314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(96)00030-6.
Yang, H., & Huang, H. J. (1997). Analysis of the time-varying pricing of a bottleneck with elastic demand using optimal control theory. Transportation Research Part B, 31(6), 425–440. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(97)00005-2.
Yang, H. (1999a). System optimum, stochastic user equilibrium, and optimal link tolls. Transportation Science, 33(4), 354–360.
Yang, H. (1999b). Evaluating the benefits of a combined route guidance and road pricing system in a traffic network with recurrent congestion. Transportation, 26(3), 299–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005129309812.
Yang, H., & Huang, H. J. (1999). Carpooling and congestion pricing in a multilane highway with high-occupancy-vehicle lanes. Transportation Research Part A, 33(2), 139–155.
Yang, H., & Meng, Q. (2000). Highway pricing and capacity choice in a road network under build-operate-transfer scheme. Transportation Research Part A, 34(3), 207–222.
Yang, H., & Woo, K. K. (2000). Competition and equilibria of private toll roads in a traffic network. Transportation Research Record, 1733, 15–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1733-03.
Yang, H., & Zhang, X. (2002). Multiclass network toll design problem with social and spatial equity constraints. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 128(5), 420–428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2002)128:5(420).
Yang, H., Tang, W. H., Cheung, W. M. & Meng, Q. (2002). Profitability and welfare gain of private toll roads in a network with heterogeneous users. Transportation Research Part A, 36(6), 537–554.
Yang, H., Meng, Q., & Lee, D. H. (2004a). Trial-and-error implementation of marginal-cost pricing on networks in the absence of demand functions. Transportation Research Part B, 38(6), 477–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(03)00077-8.
Yang, H., Zhang, X., & Meng, Q. (2004b). Modeling private highways in networks with entry–exit based toll charges. Transportation Research Part B, 38(3), 191–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(03)00050-X.
Yang, H., & Huang, H. J. (2005). Mathematical and economic theory of road pricing. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Yildirim, M. B., & Hearn, D. W. (2005). A first best toll pricing framework for variable demand traffic assignment problems. Transportation Research Part B, 39(8), 659–678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2004.08.001.
Yin, Y., & Yang, H. (2004). Optimal tolls with a multiclass, bicriterion traffic network equilibrium. Transportation Research Record, 1882, 45–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.3141/1882-06.
Yin, Y., & Lawphongpanich, S. (2006). Internalizing emission externality on road networks. Transportation Research Part D, 11(4), 292–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.003.
Yin, Y., & Lawphongpanich, S. (2008). Alternative marginal-cost pricing for road networks. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking (this issue).
Ying, J. (2005). Sensitivity analysis based method for optimal road network pricing. Annals of Operations Research, 133(1–4), 303–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-004-5040-z.
Ying, J., & Ando, R. (2007). On the effects of Central Japan expressway’s commuter toll discount policy in Nagoya area. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 12(1), 151–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(07)70022-6.
Zhang, H. M., & Ge, Y. E. (2004). Modeling variable demand equilibrium under second-best road pricing. Transportation Research Part B, 38, 733–749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2003.12.001.
Zhang, R., & Verhoef, E. T. (2004). A monopolistic market for advanced traveller information systems and road use efficiency. Transportation Research Part A, 40(5), 424–443.
Zhang, X., & Yang, H. (2004). The optimal cordon-based network congestion pricing problem. Transportation Research Part B, 38(6), 517–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2003.08.001.
Zhang, X., Yang, H., & Huang, H. J. (2008a). Multiclass multicriteria mixed equilibrium on networks and uniform link tolls for system optimum. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 146–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.05.004.
Zhang, X., Huang, H. J., & Zhang, H. M. (2008b). Integrated daily commuting patterns and optimal road tolls and parking fees in a linear city. Transportation Research Part B, 42(1), 38–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2007.06.001.
Zhang, L., Levinson, D., & Zhu, S. (2008c). Agent-based model of price competition, capacity choice, and product differentiation on congested networks. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Zhao, Y., & Kockelman, K. M. (2006). On-line marginal-cost pricing across networks: Incorporating heterogeneous users and stochastic equilibria. Transportation Research Part B, 40(5), 424–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2005.08.001.
Zhao, Y., Kockelman, K. M., & Karlstrom, A. (2008). Welfare calculations in discrete choice settings: Role of error term correlation. In Proceedings of the transportation research board 87th annual meeting. Washington, DC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsekeris, T., Voß, S. Design and evaluation of road pricing: state-of-the-art and methodological advances. Netnomics 10, 5–52 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-008-9024-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-008-9024-z