Feelders RA, Pulgar SJ, Kempel A, Pereira AM (2012) The burden of Cushing’s disease: clinical and health-related quality of life aspects. Eur J Endocrinol 167:311–326. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1095
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Barker FG, Klibanski A, Swearingen B (2003) Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996–2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4709–4719. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030461
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Biller BMK, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Buchfelder M, Colao A, Hermus AR, Hofland LJ, Klibanski A, Lacroix A, Lindsay JR, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Petersenn S, Sonino N, Stalla GK, Swearingen B, Vance ML, Wass JA, Boscaro M (2008) Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2454–2462. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2734
CAS
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
AbdelMannan D, Chaiban J, Selman WR, Arafah BM (2013) Recurrences of ACTH-secreting adenomas after pituitary adenomectomy can be accurately predicted by perioperative measurements of plasma ACTH levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:1458–1465. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3910
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
AbdelMannan D, Selman WR, Arafah BM (2010) Peri-operative management of Cushing’s disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 11:127–134. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9140-6
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Tindall GT, Herring CJ, Clark RV, Adams DA, Watts NB (1990) Cushing’s disease: results of transsphenoidal microsurgery with emphasis on surgical failures. J Neurosurg 72:363–369. doi:10.3171/jns.1990.72.3.0363
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Kim JH, Shin CS, Paek SH, Jung HW, Kim SW, Kim SY (2012) Recurrence of Cushing’s disease after primary transsphenoidal surgery in a university hospital in Korea. Endocr J 59:881–888. doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0109
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Tritos NA, Biller BM, Swearingen B (2011) Management of Cushing disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7:279–289. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.12
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, Grossman A (1998) The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing’s states. Endocr Rev 19:647–672. doi:10.1210/edrv.19.5.0346
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM (2008) The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1526–1540. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0125
CAS
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Applebury CB, Hannegan ET, Bell S, Rahl R, Lu A, Wilson CB (2004) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing’s disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6348–6357. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032180
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hofmann BM, Fahlbusch R (2006) Treatment of Cushing’s disease: a retrospective clinical study of the latest 100 cases. Front Horm Res 34:158–184. doi:10.1159/000091580
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Yamada S, Fukuhara N, Nishioka H, Takeshita A, Inoshita N, Ito J, Takeuchi Y (2012) Surgical management and outcomes in patients with cushing disease with negative pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. World Neurosurg 77:525–532. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.06.033
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Lambert JK, Goldberg L, Fayngold S, Kostadinov J, Post KD, Geer EB (2013) Predictors of mortality and long-term outcomes in treated Cushing’s disease: a study of 346 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:1022–1030. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2893
CAS
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hameed N, Yedinak CG, Brzana J, Gultekin SH, Coppa ND, Dogan A, Delashaw JB, Fleseriu M (2013) Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing’s disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary 16:452–458. doi:10.1007/s11102-012-0455-z
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chee GH, Mathias DB, James RA, Kendall-Taylor P (2001) Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing’s disease: can we predict outcome? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54:617–626. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01261.x
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Hassan-Smith ZK, Sherlock M, Reulen RC, Arlt W, Ayuk J, Toogood AA, Cooper MS, Johnson AP, Stewart PM (2012) Outcome of Cushing’s disease following transsphenoidal surgery in a single center over 20 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:1194–1201. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2957
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Clarke RS, Johnston H, Sheridan B (1970) The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on plasma cortisol, insulin and free fatty acids. Br J Anaesth 42:295–299. doi:10.1093/bja/42.4.295
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Ram E, Vishne TH, Weinstein T, Beilin B, Dreznik Z (2005) General anesthesia for surgery influences melatonin and cortisol levels. World J Surg 29:826–829. doi:10.1007/s00268-005-7724-1
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, Nieman LK (2006) Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 367:1605–1617. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68699-6
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Valassi E, Crespo I, Gich I, Rodríguez J, Webb SM (2012) A reappraisal of the medical therapy with steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 77:735–742. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04424.x
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Blevins LS Jr, Christy JH, Khajavi M, Tindall GT (1998) Outcomes of therapy for Cushing’s disease due to adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:63–67. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.1.4525
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Tommasi C, Vance ML, Okonkwo DO, Diallo A, Laws ER Jr (2005) Surgical management of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting macroadenomas: outcome and challenges in patients with Cushing’s disease or Nelson’s syndrome. J Neurosurg 103:825–830. doi:10.3171/jns.2005.103.5.0825
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Mampalam TJ, Tyrrell JB, Wilson CB (1988) Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing disease. A report of 216 cases. Ann Intern Med 109:487–493. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-6-487
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG, Katznelson L, Grinspoon S, Klibanski A, Zervas NT (1999) Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med 130:821–824. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-10-199905180-00015
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, Fallo F, Boscaro M (1996) Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2647–2652. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.7.8675592
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM (2012) Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 15:71–83. doi:10.1007/s11102-011-0347-7
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Estrada J, Garcia-Uria J, Lamas C, Alfaro J, Lucas T, Diez S, Salto L, Barcelo B (2001) The complete normalization of the adrenocortical function as the criterion of cure after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5695–5699. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.12.8069
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas G, Isidori AM, Storr HL, Afshar F, Sabin H, Akker SA, Chew S, Drake W, Monson JP, Besser MG, Grossman A (2013) Long-term remission and recurrence rates in Cushing’s disease: predictive factors in a single-centre study. Eur J Endocrinol 168:639–648. doi:10.1530/EJE-12-0921
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chen JC, Amar AP, Choi S, Singer P, Couldwell WT, Weiss MH (2003) Transsphenoidal microsurgical treatment of Cushing disease: postoperative assessment of surgical efficacy by application of an overnight low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. J Neurosurg 98:967–973. doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.0967
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
McCance DR, Gordon DS, Fannin TF, Hadden DR, Kennedy L, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB (1993) Assessment of endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:79–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00976.x
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M (1995) Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing’s disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing’s Disease Survey Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3114–3120. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.11.7593411
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindsay JR, Oldfield EH, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK (2011) The postoperative basal cortisol and CRH tests for prediction of long-term remission from Cushing’s disease after transsphenoidal surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:2057–2064. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0456
CAS
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Colombo P, Dall’Asta C, Barbetta L, Re T, Passini E, Faglia G, Ambrosi B (2000) Usefulness of the desmopressin test in the postoperative evaluation of patients with Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 143:227–234. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1430227
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Losa M, Mortini P, Dylgjeri S, Barzaghi R, Franzin A, Mandelli C, Giovanelli M (2001) Desmopressin stimulation test before and after pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:61–68. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01324.x
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Barbot M, Albiger N, Koutroumpi S, Ceccato F, Frigo AC, Manara R, Fassina A, Gardiman MP, Scanarini M, Mantero F, Scaroni C (2013) Predicting late recurrence in surgically treated patients with Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 79:394–401. doi:10.1111/cen.12133
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ayala AR, Ilias I, Nieman LK (2003) The spectrum effect in the evaluation of Cushing syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes 10:272–276. doi:10.1097/00060793-200308000-00008
Article
Google Scholar
Chiodini I (2011) Clinical review: diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1223–1236. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2722
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chiodini I, Morelli V, Salcuni AS, Eller-Vainicher C, Torlontano M, Coletti F, Iorio L, Cuttitta A, Ambrosio A, Vicentini L, Pellegrini F, Copetti M, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M, Ambrosi B, Trischitta V, Scillitani A (2010) Beneficial metabolic effects of prompt surgical treatment in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma causing biochemical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2736–2745. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2387
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Sughrue ME, Shah JK, Devin JK, Kunwar S, Blevins LS Jr (2010) Utility of the immediate postoperative cortisol concentrations in patients with Cushing’s disease. Neurosurgery 67:688–695. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000374722.50042.FF
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Zada G (2013) Diagnosis and multimodality management of Cushing’s disease: a practical review. Int J Endocrinol 2013:893781. doi:10.1155/2013/893781
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, Bertagna X, Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, Fava GA, Findling JW, Gaillard RC, Grossman AB, Kola B, Lacroix A, Mancini T, Mantero F, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Sonino N, Vance ML, Giustina A, Boscaro M (2003) Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5593–5602
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Findling JW, Raff H (2006) Cushing’s syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3746–3753. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0997
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Pereira AM, Tiemensma J, Romijn JA (2010) Neuropsychiatric disorders in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 92(Suppl 1):65–70. doi:10.1159/000314317
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP (2003) Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocr Rev 24:523–538. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0014
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Minetto MA, Lanfranco F, Botter A, Motta G, Mengozzi G, Giordano R, Picu A, Ghigo E, Arvat E (2011) Do muscle fiber conduction slowing and decreased levels of circulating muscle proteins represent sensitive markers of steroid myopathy? A pilot study in Cushing’s disease. Eur J Endocrinol 164:985–993. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-1169
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Locatelli M, Vance ML, Laws ER (2005) Clinical review: the strategy of immediate reoperation for transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5478–5482. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2436
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Bertagna X, Guignat L (2013) Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:1307–1318. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3200
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar