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Protective effect of hesperidin-loaded selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan on glutamate-induced toxicity in PC12 cells

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Abstract

Hesperidin as a natural flavonoid has a wide range of beneficial properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, low water solubility and low bioavailability have limited its use in clinic. Selenium nanoparticles have attracted great interest in recent years due to their unique characteristics and anti-oxidant activates. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized hesperidin-loaded selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan (Hesp-SeNPs@CS) and investigated its protective effects against glutamate-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated using various techniques. The MTT and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the cell viability and ROS levels, respectively. In addition, flow cytometry was used to determine the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis rate in PC12 cells. Our results showed that, Hesp-SeNPs@CS nanoparticles have a 210.6 nm diameter and a negative zeta potential of -15.9 mV. The results of MTT assay revealed that glutamate significantly decreased cell viability by about 50% at a concentration of 20 mM. However, hesperidin at the concentration of 62.5 µM and Hesp-SeNPs@CS at the concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/ml significantly decreased the glutamate-induced cell toxicity, sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis rate in PC12 cells. In addition, in the groups treated with hesperidin and Hesp-SeNPs@CS, the intracellular ROS induced by glutamate showed a significant decrease compared to glutamate-treated group. Taken together, these results revealed that Hesp-SeNPs@CS has protective effects against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells that merit further investigation.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer

CNS:

Central nervous system

DCFH-DA:

2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscope

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

Glu:

Glutamate

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

Hesp:

Hesperidin

Hesp-SeNPs@CS:

Hesperidin-loaded selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan

HD:

Huntington

NAC:

N-acetyl cysteine

NP:

Nanoparticle

PD:

Parkinson

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PI:

Propidium iodide

rpm:

Round per minute

Se:

Selenium

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Funding

The authors would like to thank the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for their financial support [Grant No. 991653].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Zohreh Najafi, Hamed Amiri, Mohammad Jalili-Nik & Mohammad Soukhtanloo

  2. Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Elham Einafshar

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Elham Einafshar

  4. Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    Farshad Mirzavi

  5. Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mohammad Soukhtanloo

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  1. Zohreh Najafi
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Contributions

Zohreh Najafi: Writing-original draft, Methodology. Elham Einafshar: Writing-original draft, Investigation, Validation. Farshad Mirzavi: Writing- review & editing. Hamed Amiri: Investigation. Mohammad Jalili-Nik: Methodology, Formal analysis. Mohammad Soukhtanloo: Conceptualization, Supervision. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Soukhtanloo.

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Zohreh Najafi and Elham Einafshar contributed equally as first authors.

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Najafi, Z., Einafshar, E., Mirzavi, F. et al. Protective effect of hesperidin-loaded selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan on glutamate-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. J Nanopart Res 25, 178 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05828-w

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