Skip to main content
Log in

Observation of D band splitting in vertically aligned graphene nanowalls and their evolution with laser power during Raman spectroscopy

  • Research paper
  • Published:
Journal of Nanoparticle Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Splitting of D band is observed in vertically aligned graphene nanowalls (VAGNWs) during analysis of Raman spectroscopy for the first time and two distinct peaks were observed, designated as D1 and D2. Evolution of D band with increasing laser power is studied and it is seen that intensity and full width at half maxima (FWHM) of D2 get reduced with increasing laser power. ID/IG values of deposited VAGNWs showed a decreasing trend with increasing laser power indicating that defects have slightly reduced with increasing laser power. It is also observed that D/ peak at high laser power almost merged with G peak like highly defective graphene sheets. Defect analysis showed that all the samples have high degree of stage 2 defect. Interestingly, no splitting was observed in G/ band by increasing laser power and VAGNWs kept their turbostratic nature intact through this peak.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cançado LG, Jorio A, Ferreira EHM, Stavale F, Achete CA, Capaz RB, Moutinho MVO, Lombardo A, Kulmala TS (2011) A.C. Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies. Ferrari Nano Lett 11:3190–3196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin SB, Swan AK, Unlu MS, Goldberg BB, Dresselhaus MS, Tinkham M (2004) Measuring the uniaxial strain of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes: resonance Raman spectra of atomic-force-microscope modified single-wall nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 93:167401 (4 pp)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckmann A, Felten A, Mishchenko AL, Britnell RK, Novoselov KS, Casiraghi C (2012) Probing the nature of defects in graphene by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 12:3925–3930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field LD, Sternhell S, Kalman JR (2008) Organic structures from spectra, fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Chichester

  • Ghosh S, Ganesan K, Polaki SR, Ravindran TR, Krishna NG, Kamruddin M, Tyagi AK (2014) Evolution and defect analysis of vertical graphene nanosheets. J Raman Spectrosc 45:642–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Polaki SR, Kamruddin M, Jeong SM, Ostrikov K (2018) Plasma-electric field controlled growth of oriented graphene for energy storage applications. J Phys D Appl Phys 51:145303 (9pp)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK, Russin TJ, Gutierrez HR, Eklund PC (2009) Probing graphene edges via Raman scattering. ACS Nano 3:45–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagi W, Tsuchida I, Wakatsuki M, Takahashi K, Kamimura N, Iuchi K, Wada H (1994) Proper understanding of down-shifted Raman spectra of natural graphite: direct estimation of baser-induced rise in sample temperature. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:3527–3530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar R, Barve SA, Singh SB, Barve DN, Chand N, Patil DS (2010) Diagnostics of microwave ECR generated plasma: effect of contaminated reference electrode. Vacuum 85:151–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar R, Patel NN, Chopade SS, Mukherjee S, Das AK, Patil DS (2014) Bias-independent growth of carbon nanowalls by microwave electron-cyclotron resonance plasma CVD. JExp Nanosci 9:575–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar R, Patel NN, Chand N, Shilpa RK, Dusane RO, Patil DS, Sinha S (2016) Detailed investigation on the mechanism of co-deposition of different carbon nanostructures by microwave plasma CVD. Carbon 106:233–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar R, Tripathy SP, Keskar N, Sinha S (2019) Effect of processing gas compositions on growth of carbon nanowalls by ECR-CVD process. Mater Res Express 6:065029 6 pp

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Z, Cong C, Zhang J, Xiong Q, Yu T (2012) The origin of sub-bands in the Raman D-band of graphene. Carbon 50:4252–4258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malard LM, Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys Rep 473:51–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohr M, Maultzsch J, Thomsen C (2010) Splitting of the Raman 2D band of graphene subjected to strain. Phys Rev B 82:201409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo P, Xiao M, Zhou NY (2017) Carbon nanowalls: a new material for resistive switching memory Devices. Carbon 120:54–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SB, Chand N, Patil DS (2009) Langmuir probe diagnostics of microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. Vacuum 83:372–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaike O, Kitada N, Yoshimura H, Hatori H, Kojima K, Tachibana M (2009) Lithium insertion behavior of carbon nanowalls by DC plasma CVD and its heat-treatment effect. Solid State Ionics 180:381–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsurumi J, Saito Y, Verma P (2013) Evaluation of the interlayer interactions of few layers of graphene. Chem Phys Lett 557:114–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Zhang X, Ijäs M, Han W, Qiao X, Li X, Jiang D, Ferrari AC, Tan P (2014) Resonant Raman spectroscopy of twisted multilayer graphene. Nat Commun 5:1–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajib Kar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kar, R., Maiti, N. Observation of D band splitting in vertically aligned graphene nanowalls and their evolution with laser power during Raman spectroscopy. J Nanopart Res 23, 4 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05147-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-021-05147-y

Keywords

Navigation