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A cellular uptake and cytotoxicity properties study of gallic acid-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells

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Abstract

In this study, the effects of intracellular delivery of various concentrations of gallic acid (GA) as a semistable antioxidant, gallic acid-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-GA), and cellular uptake of nanoparticles into Caco-2 cells were investigated. MSNs were synthesized and loaded with GA, then characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The cytotoxicity of MSNs and MSNs-GA at low and high concentrations were studied by means of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and flow cytometry. MSNs did not show significant toxicity in various concentrations (0–500 μg/ml) on Caco-2 cells. For MSNs-GA, cell viability was reduced as a function of incubation time and different concentrations of nanoparticles. The in vitro GA release from MSNs-GA exhibited the same antitumor properties as free GA on Caco-2 cells. Flow cytometry results confirmed those obtained using MTT assay. TEM and fluorescent microscopy confirmed the internalization of MSNs by Caco-2 cells through nonspecific cellular uptake. MSNs can easily internalize into Caco-2 cells without deleterious effects on cell viability. The cell viability of Caco-2 cells was affected during MSNs-GA uptake. MSNs could be designed as suitable nanocarriers for antioxidants delivery.

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Abbreviations

MSNs:

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles

GA:

Gallic acid

BJH:

Barrett–Joyner–Halenda

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

MTT:

3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Caco-2:

Human colon carcinoma

MSNs-GA:

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded by GA

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Stem Cell Technology Research Center which provided some instrumental facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Division, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran

    Ladan Rashidi, Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani & Fariba Gangi

  2. Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran

    Masoud Soleimani & Amir Atashi

  3. Biotechnology Center, Iranian Research Organization for Science & Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 33535-111, Tehran, Iran

    Khosrow Rostami & Masoud Fallahpour

  4. Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Taher Tahouri

Authors
  1. Ladan Rashidi
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  2. Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani
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  3. Masoud Soleimani
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  4. Amir Atashi
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  7. Masoud Fallahpour
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Correspondence to Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani.

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Rashidi, L., Vasheghani-Farahani, E., Soleimani, M. et al. A cellular uptake and cytotoxicity properties study of gallic acid-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells. J Nanopart Res 16, 2285 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2285-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2285-6

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