Abstract
Large scale square-shaped wurtzite-GaN nanotubes are synthesized by a quasi-vapor–solid process. GaN nanotubes, functionalized with ultra-small Pt nanocluster via green chemistry route, provide extraordinary physicochemical properties instigated by laser power exposure and local ambience. Laser irradiation-induced localized catalytic oxidation and catastrophic photo-fragmentation in individual nanotubes is observed as a result of rapid crystallo-chemical transformation. The auto-amplified electronic cascades inside the Pt nanoclusters, upon exposure to high laser fluency, reinforce strong energy deposition in the proximity of the metal–semiconductor interface. This process leads to ballistic recombination with the available photo-generated O2 ionized/radical species to yield chemisorbed oxide layer of Ga2O3. It has been demonstrated to bisect or oxidize a selected region of a single GaN nanotube by modulating the incident laser power, gas ambience, and its kinetics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aluri GS, Motayed A, Davydov AV, Oleshko VP, Bertness KA, Sanford NA, Mulpuri RV (2012) Methanol, ethanol and hydrogen sensing using metal oxide and metal (TiO2–Pt) composite nanoclusters on GaN nanowires: a new route towards tailoring the selectivity of nanowire/nanocluster chemical sensors. Nanotechnology 23:175501. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/17/175501
Baker RTK, France JA, Rouse L, Waite RJ (1976) Catalytic oxidation of graphite platinum and palladium. J Catalysis 29:22–29. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(76)90196-2
Chen X, Shen S, Guo L, Mao SS (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem Rev 110:6503–6570. doi:10.1021/cr1001645
Creighton JR, Coltrin ME (2012) The origin of reaction-induced current in Pt/GaN catalytic nanodiodes. J Phys Chem C 116:1139–1144. doi:10.1021/jp210492k
Ding S, Lu P, Zheng JG, Yang X, Zhao F, Chen J, Wu H, Wu M (2007) Textured tubular nanoparticle structures: precursor-templated synthesis of GaN sub-micrometer sized tubes. Adv Funct Mater 17:1879–1886. doi:10.1002/adfm.200700289
Goldberger J, He R, Zhang Y, Lee S, Yan H, Choi HJ, Yang P (2003) Single-crystal gallium nitride nanotubes. Nature 422:599–602. doi:10.1038/nature01551
Goldberger J, Fan R, Yang P (2006) Inorganic nanotubes: a novel platform for nanofluidics. Acc Chem Res 39:239–248. doi:10.1021/ar040274h
Gupta R, Xiong Q, Adu CK, Kim UJ, Eklund PC (2003) Laser-induced Fano resonance scattering in silicon nanowires. Nano Lett 3:627–631. doi:10.1021/nl0341133
Hartland GV (2011) Optical studies of dynamics in noble metal nanostructures. Chem Rev 111:3858–3887. doi:10.1021/cr1002547
Hu JQ, Bando Y, Golberg D, Liu QL (2003) Gallium nitride nanotubes by the conversion of gallium oxide nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:3493–3497. doi:10.1002/anie.200351001
Hwang JS, Hu ZS, Lu TY, Chen LW, Chen SW, Lin TY, Hsiao C-L, Chen K-H, Chen L-C (2006a) Photo-assisted local oxidation of GaN using an atomic force microscope. Nanotechnology 17:3299–3303. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/13/036
Hwang JS, Hu ZS, You ZY, Lin TY, Hsiao CL, Tu LW (2006b) Local oxidation of InN and GaN using an atomic force microscope. Nanotechnology 17:859–863. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/3/041
Letfullin RR, Joenathan C, George FT, Zharov PV (2006) Laser-induced explosion of gold nanoparticles: potential role for nanophotothermolysis of cancer. Nanomedicine 1:473–480. doi:10.2217/17435889
Lim W, Wright JS, Gila BP, Johnson JL, Ural A, Anderson T, Ren F, Pearton SJ (2008) Appl Phys Lett 93:072109–072111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2975173
Maeda K, Higashi M, Lu D, Abe R, Domen K (2010) Efficient nonsacrificial water splitting through two-step photoexcitation by visible light using a modified oxynitride as a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 132:5858–5868. doi:10.1021/ja1009025
Mohammad SN (2007) Self-catalytic solution for single-crystal nanowire and nanotube growth. J Chem Phys 127:244702–244712. doi:10.1063/1.2813432
Park JY, Renzas JR, Hsu BB, Somorjai GA (2007) Continuous hot electron generation in Pt/TiO2, Pd/TiO2, and Pt/GaN catalytic nanodiodes from oxidation of carbon monoxide. J Phys Chem C 111:15331–15336. doi:10.1021/jp054163r
Porcel E, Liehn S, Remita H, Usami N, Kobayashi K, Furusawa Y, Sech CL, Lacombe S (2010) Platinum nanoparticles: A promising material for future cancer therapy? Nanotechnology 21:085103(7). doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/8/085103
Sahoo P, Dhara S, Das CR, Dash S, Tyagi AK, Raj B (2010) Surface optical modes in GaN nanowires. Int J Nanotechnol 7:823–832. doi:10.1504/IJNT.2010.034690
Sahoo P, Dhara S, Dash S, Tyagi AK (2011a) One dimensional GaN nanostructures: growth kinetics and applications. Nanosci Nanotechnol-Asia 1:140–161. doi:2210-6820/11
Sahoo P, Oliveira DS, Cotta MA, Dhara S, Dash S, Tyagi AK, Raj B (2011b) Enhanced surface potential variation on nanoprotrusions of GaN microbelt as a probe for humidity sensing. J Phys Chem C 115:5863–5867. doi:10.1021/jp111505m
Sahoo P, Basu J, Dhara S, Fang HC, Liu C-P, Ravindran TR, Dash S, Tyagi AK (2012a) Single- step growth dynamics of core–shell GaN on Ga2O3 freestanding nanoprotruded microbelts. J Mater Sci 47:3447–3453. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-6192-2
Sahoo P, Dhara S, Amirthapandian S, Kamruddin M, Dash S, Tyagi AK (2012) Role of surface polarity in self-catalyzed nucleation and evolution of gan nanostructures. Cryst Growth Des. doi:101021/cg300037q
Sar DK, Nanda KK (2010) Melting and superheating of nanowires—a nanotube approach. Nanotechnology 21:205701–205705. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/20/205701
Wang Z, Zu X, Gao F, Weber WJ (2006) Atomic-level study of melting behavior of GaN nanotubes. J Appl Phys 100:063503–063508. doi:10.1063/1.2345616
Wang Z, Gao F, Crocombette J-P, Zu XT, Yang L, Weber WJ (2007) Thermal conductivity of GaN nanotubes simulated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Phys Rev B 75:153303–153306. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.153303
Westover T, Jones R, Huang JY, Wang G, Lai E, Talin AA (2009) Photoluminescence, thermal transport, and breakdown in joule-heated GaN nanowires. Nano Lett 9:257–263. doi:10.1021/nl802840w
Wright JS, Lim W, Gila BP, Pearton SJ, Johnson JL, Ural A, Ren F (2009) Hydrogen sensing with Pt-functionalized GaN nanowires. Sens Actus B 140:196–199. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.009
Yamada Y, Tsung C-K, Huang W, Huo Z, Habas SE, Soejima T, Aliaga CE, Somorjai GA, Yang P (2011) Nanocrystal bilayer for tandem catalysis. Nat Chem 3:372–376. doi:10.1038/nchem.1018
Zhao J, Sun H, Dai S, Wang Y, Zhu J (2011) Electrical breakdown of nanowires. Nano Lett 11:4647–4651. doi:10.1021/nl202160c
Acknowledgments
The authors thank M. Kamruddin for helping in FESEM analysis. One of us (PS) acknowledges Department of Atomic Energy for the financial aid.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
11051_2012_1103_MOESM1_ESM.doc
Supporting information: additional microscopic images of nanotubes, Raman spectra, EDX analysis and schematic representation of laser-mater interaction are available free of charge via the internet. (DOC 1711 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sahoo, P., Dhara, S., Dash, S. et al. Photo-induced tunable local oxidation and fragmentation in Pt ultra-nanoclusters functionalized GaN nanotubes. J Nanopart Res 14, 1103 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1103-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1103-2