Skip to main content
Log in

Impact memes: PhDs HuMor(e)

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The era of User Generated Content (USG) on Social Networks has invested different areas of human experience, including one of the highest levels of education, i.e., the PhD grade. As regards the opportunity to “imitate” a virtual content, the phenomenon of Memes (Shifman, J Vis Cult 13(3):340–358, 56) is spreading. The present research aims at the understanding how the online functions and practices of humor signification are featured considering linguistic and visual aspects. In particular it has a twofold goals: a) analyzing which differences emerged in terms of functions and emotions between humor in PhD Memes on Facebook and Instagram by means of ‘diatextual’ analysis; b) performing a fine-grained qualitative analysis about rethorical aspects based on linguistic and visual elements of Phd Memes in order to contribute to the field of humor automatic detection. To satisfy these purposes, 70 memes about the PhD on Facebook and Instagram were collected and, then, analyzed in two levels: (1) the quanti-qualitative, aiming to detect the semi-automatic emotional involvement, expression of humor in “meme discourses”; (2) the semiotic analysis of meme images. The results highlight first of all typical cases of incongruences in automatic and diatextual analysis in coding the effective emotions; furthermore they also show the peculiar function of humor, mediated by communication through memes, which is mainly a kind of ‘emotional sharing’ consisting in the complaint against a complex and precarious career path; in addition some differences in relation to the type of social media (Facebook or Instagram) are reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9-10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alvarado MB (2006) “Las marcas de la ironía”. Interlingüística 16:151–161

  2. Alvarado MB (2009) Ironía y cortesía. In: En Ruiz Gurillo L, Padilla X (eds) Dime cómo ironizas y te diré quién eres: una aproximación pragmática a la ironía. Peter Lang, Frankfurt, pp 333–345

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alvarado MB (2010) Las fórmulas rutinarias del español: teoría y aplicaciones. Peter Lang, Frankfurt

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alvarado MB (2012) El humor en los enunciados irónicos conversacionales. Oralia. 15:63–76

    Google Scholar 

  5. Attardo S (2001a) Humorous texts: a semantic and pragmatic analysis. Mouton De Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  6. Attardo S (2001b) Humor and irony in interaction: from mode adoption to failure of detection. In: Anolli L, Ciceri R, Riva G (eds) Say not to say: new perspectives on miscommunication, pp 166–186

  7. Attardo S (2008) A primer for the linguistics of humor. In: Raskin V (ed) The primer of humor research. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  8. Attardo S, Raskin V (1991) Script theory revis(it)ed: joke similarity and joke representation model. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 4:293–347

    Google Scholar 

  9. Barbotti I (2015) Instagram marketing: immagini, brand, community, relazioni per il turismo, eventi. HOEPLI EDITORE

  10. Berger AA (1976) Laughing matter: a symposium: anatomy of the joke. J Commun 26(3):113–115

    Google Scholar 

  11. Berger AA (1993) An anatomy of humor. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bergson H (1900) Le rire, Paris (tr. it. Il riso, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1994)

  13. Bergson, H. (1950). Le rire, essai sur la signification du comique. Psychological Review 8(1):98–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0069028

  14. Bergson H (2008) Laughter: an essay on the meaning of the comic. Translated by C. Brereton and F. Rothwell. Original ed. 1900. Arc Manor, Rockville

    Google Scholar 

  15. Berlo DK (1960) The process of communication: an introduction to theory and practice. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York

    Google Scholar 

  16. Biondi G, Franzoni V, Poggioni V (2017) A deep learning semantic approach to emotion recognition using the IBM watson bluemix alchemy language. In: International conference on computational science and its applications. Springer, Cham, pp 718–729

  17. Buijzen M, Valkenburg PM (2004) Developing a typology of humor in audiovisual media. Media Psychol 6(2):147–167

    Google Scholar 

  18. Byrd G (2016) IEEE/IBM Watson student showcase. Computer 49(1):102–104

    Google Scholar 

  19. Catanescu C, Tom G (2001) Types of humor in television and magazine advertising. Review of Business-Saint Johns University 22(1):92–95

    Google Scholar 

  20. Choi M, Toma CL (2014) Social sharing through interpersonal media: patterns and effects on emotional well-being. Comput Hum Behav 36:530–541

    Google Scholar 

  21. D’Errico F, Poggi I (2016) “The bitter laughter”. When parody is a moral and affective priming in political persuasion. Frontiers in Psychology 7:1144

    Google Scholar 

  22. D’Errico F, Poggi I, Vincze L (2012) Discrediting signals. A model of social evaluation to study discrediting moves in political debates. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 6(3–4):163–178

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dawkins R (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  24. De Koning E, Weiss RL (2002) The relational humor inventory: functions of humor in close relationships. Am J Fam Ther 30(1):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  25. Freud S (1905) Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewußten, (tr. it. Il motto di spirito e la sua relazione con l'inconscio, Torino, Boringhieri, 1975)

  26. Greimas AJ (1991) Semiotica figurativa e semiotica plastica, trad. it. L. corrain e M. Valenti (a cura di), Leggere l’opera d’arte. Dal figurativo all’astratto, Bologna, esculapio

  27. Grice P (1975) Logic and conversation in Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts, a cura di P. Cole. Academic Press, New York, pp 41–58. trad. it. a cura di G. Moro, Logica e Conversazione, Il Mulino, Bologna 1993, pp 55–77

  28. Hay J (2000) Functions of humor in the conversation of men and women. J Pragmat 32:709–742

    Google Scholar 

  29. Herzig J, Shmueli-Scheuer M, Konopnicki D (2017) Emotion detection from text via ensemble classification using word embeddings. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGIR international conference on theory of information retrieval, pp 269–272

  30. Holmes J (2000) Politeness, power and provocation: how humor functions in the workplace. Discourse Stud 2(159):185

    Google Scholar 

  31. Iannella A (2018) Digital authentic learning: introdurre alla tone analysis per favorire un pensiero critico digitale. Thamyris, nova series: Revista de Didáctica de Cultura Clásica, Griego y Latín 9:319–336

    Google Scholar 

  32. Johann M, Bülow L (2019) One does not simply create a meme: conditions for the diffusion of internet memes. Int J Commun 13:23

    Google Scholar 

  33. Levecque K, Anseel F, De Beuckelaer A, Van der Heyden J, Gisle L (2017) Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students. Res Policy 46(4):868–879

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mangold WG, Faulds DJ (2009) Social media: the new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizons 52(4):357–365

    Google Scholar 

  35. Manuti A, Mininni G (2017) A rose is more than a rose … the diatextual. Constitution of subjects and objects. De Gruyter Mouton 37:243–263

    Google Scholar 

  36. Martin RA, Puhlik-Doris P, Larsen G, Gray J, Weir K (2003) Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: development of the humor styles questionnaire. J Res Pers 37(1):48–75

    Google Scholar 

  37. McGhee PE (1971) Cognitive development and children’s comprehension of humor. Child Dev 42:123–138

    Google Scholar 

  38. McGhee PE (1976) Laughing matter: a symposium: sex differences in children’s humor. J Commun 26(3):176–189

    Google Scholar 

  39. McGhee PE (1979) Humor: its origin and development. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  40. Meyer JC (2000) Humor as a double-edged sword: four functions of humor in communication. Communication Theory 10:310–331

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mihalcea R, Strapparava C (2006) Learning to laugh (automatically): computational models for humor recognition. Comput Intell 22(2):126–142

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  42. Mininni G (2013) Psicologia culturale discorsiva. Franco Angeli, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  43. Nijholt A, Stock O, Dix A, Morkes J (2003) Humor modeling in the interface. Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems - CHI ‘03. https://doi.org/10.1145/765891.766143

  44. Novielli N, Calefato F, Lanubile F (2015) The challenges of sentiment detection in the social programmer ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on social software engineering. ACM, pp 33–40

  45. Ortega MBA (2013) An approach to verbal humor in interaction. Social Behavioral Sciences 95:594–603

    Google Scholar 

  46. Osterroth A (2015) Das Internet-Meme als Sprache-Bild-Text. Image 22:26–46

  47. Pang B, Lee L (2008) Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval 2:1–135. https://doi.org/10.1561/1500000011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Papapicco C, Mininni G (2019) Twitter culture: irony comes faster than tourist mobility. J Tour Cult Chang:1–12

  49. Poggi I, D’Errico F (2010) The mental ingredients of bitterness. Journal on multimodal user interfaces 3(1–2):79–86

    Google Scholar 

  50. Poggi I, D’Errico F, Vincze L (2013) Comments by words, face and body. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 7(1–2):67–78

    Google Scholar 

  51. Raskin V (1985) Semantic mechanisms of humor. D. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  52. Roach M, Sauermann H (2017) The declining interest in an academic career. PLoS One 12(9):23

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rothwell JD (2010) In the company of others: an introduction to communication. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  54. Russell JA (2009) Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction. Cognit Emot 23(7):1259–1283

    Google Scholar 

  55. Scardigno R, Mininni G (2020) The rhetoric side of fake news: a new weapon for anti-politics? World Futures 76(2):81–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2019.1703158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Shifman L (2014) The cultural logic of photo-based meme genres. J Vis Cult 13(3):340–358

    Google Scholar 

  57. Skakni I, Calatrava Moreno MDC, Seuba MC, McAlpine L (2019) Hanging tough: post-PhD researchers dealing with career uncertainty. High Educ Res Dev 38(7):1489–1503

    Google Scholar 

  58. Stock O, Strapparava C, Nijholt A (2002) The April Fools' day workshop on computational humour. Trento: Proceedings of the twentieth Twente Workshop on Language Technology

  59. Taecharungroj V, Nueangjamnong P (2015) Humour 2.0: styles and types of humour and virality of memes on Facebook. Journal of Creative Communications 10(3):288–302

    Google Scholar 

  60. Turkle S (2005) The second self: computers and the human Spirit. MIT Press, Cambridge https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6115.001.0001

    Book  Google Scholar 

  61. Van Leeuwen T (2000) Semiotics and iconography. In: van Leeuwen T, Jewitt C (eds) Handbook of visual analysis. Sage, London, pp 92–118

    Google Scholar 

  62. Veatch TC (1998) A theory of humor. Humor 11:163–215

    Google Scholar 

  63. Wiggins BE (2016) Crimea River: directionality in memes from the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Int J Commun 10(35):451–485

    Google Scholar 

  64. Yus F (1996) La Teoría de la Relevancia y la estrategia humorística de la incongruencia-resolución. Pragmalingüística 3-4:497–508

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Concetta Papapicco.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Papapicco, C., Mininni, G. Impact memes: PhDs HuMor(e). Multimed Tools Appl 79, 35973–35994 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09166-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09166-0

Keywords

Navigation