An alternative kinetic model is suggested for analyzing the growth of iron boride layers on the surface of steel AISI 316 in the range of 1123 – 1273 K. The approach is based on classical Fick’s laws with allowance for the effect of the incubation period on the process of formation of boride layers. The activation energy of boron is calculated for FeB and Fe2B and compared to published data. The model is verified experimentally for the case of 3-h and 5-h boriding at 1243 K. The experimental thicknesses of the layers are compared to the values predicted by the alternative diffusion model and by the integral method. The experimental and the predicted values agree well.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Here and below in the paper the content of the elements is given in weight percent.
References
M. Kulka, “Trends in thermochemical techniques of boriding,” in: Current Trends in Boriding, Engineering Materials, Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2019), pp. 17 – 98.
S. U. Bayça, O. Bican, B. Yamanel, et al., “The effect of solid boriding time on the structure, hardness and corrosion properties properties of AISI 5140 steel,” Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 56, 591 – 597 (2020).
M. Ipek, G. Celebi Efe, I. Ozbek, et al., “Investigation of boronizing kinetics of AISI 51100 steel,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 21, 733 – 738 (2012).
C. Martini, G. Palombarini, G. Poli, and D. Prandstraller, “Sliding and abrasive wear behavior of boride coatings,” Wear, 256, 608 – 613 (2004).
M. S. Karakaş, A. Günen, E. Kanca, and E. Yilmaz, “Boride layer growth kinetics of AISI H13 steel borided with nano-sized powders,” Arch. Metall. Mater., 63, 159 – 165 (2018).
M. Kulka, N. Makuch, A. Pertek, and L. Maldzinski, “Simulation of the growth kinetics of boride layers formed on Fe during gas boriding in H2–BCl3 atmosphere,” J. Solid State Chem., 199, 196 – 203 (2014).
M. Keddam, M. Kulka, N. Makuch, et al., “A kinetic model for estimating the boron activation energies in the FeB and Fe2B layers during the gas-boriding of Armco iron: Effect of boride incubation times,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 298, 155 – 163 (2014).
A. N. Simonenko, V. A. Shestakov, and V. N. Poboinya, “Liquid boriding in induction salt baths,” Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 24, 360 – 361 (1982).
I. Campos, R. Torres, O. Bautista, et al., “Effect of boron paste thickness on the growth kinetics of polyphase boride coatings during the boriding process,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 2396 – 2403 (2006).
M. Elias-Espinosa, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, M. Keddam, et al., “Boriding kinetics and mechanical behavior of AISI O1 steel,” Surf. Eng., 31, 588 – 597 (2015).
K. G. Anthymidis, E. Stergioudis, and D. N. Tsipas, “Boriding in a fluidized bed reactor,” Mater. Lett., 51, 156 – 160 (2001).
E. Rodrýguez Cabeo, G. Laudien, S. Biemer, et al., “Plasma-assisted boriding of industrial components in a pulsed d.c. glow discharge,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 116 – 119, 229 – 233 (1999).
I. Gunes, S. Taktak, C. Bindal, et al., “Investigation of diffusion kinetics of plasma paste borided AISI 8620 steel using a mixture of B2O3 paste and B4C/SiC,” Sadhana, 38, 513 – 526 (2013).
M. Keddam, R. Chegroune, M. Kulka, et al., “Characterization, tribological and mechanical properties of plasma paste borided AISI 316 steel,” Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 71, 79 – 90 (2018).
M. Keddam and S. M. Chentouf, “A diffusion model for describing the bilayer growth (FeB/Fe2B) during the iron powder-pack boriding,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 393 – 399 (2005).
C. M. Brakman, A. W. J. Gommers, and E. J. Mittemeijer, “Boriding of Fe and Fe – C, Fe – Cr, and Fe – Ni alloys: Boride-layer growth kinetics,” J. Mater. Res., 4, 1354 – 1370 (1989).
B. Mebarek, M. Keddam, and H. Aboshighiba, “LS-SVM approach for modeling the growth kinetics of FeB and Fe2B layers formed on Armco iron,” Ingénierie des Systèmes d’Information, 23, 29 – 41 (2018).
I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, C. Tapia-Quintero, et al., “Kinetics and boron diffusion in the FeB/Fe2B layers formed at the surface of borided high-alloy steel,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 21, 1714 – 1723 (2012).
M. Keddam and M. Kulka, “A kinetic model for the boriding kinetics of AISI D2 steel during the diffusion annealing process,” Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 54, 282 – 290 (2018).
I. Campos, R. Torres, G. Ramírez, et al., “Growth kinetics of iron boride layers: Dimensional analysis,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 8662 – 8667 (2006).
I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortiz-Domínguez, O. Bravo-Bárcenas, et al., “Formation and kinetics of FeB/Fe2B layers and diffusion zone at the surface of AISI 316 borided steels,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 205, 403 – 412 (2010).
I. Campos-Silva, M. Ortíz-Domínguez, N. López-Perrusquia, et al., “Determination of boron diffusion coefficients in borided tool steels,” Defect Diffus. Forum, 283 – 286, 681 – 686 (2009).
M. Keddam and M. Kulka, “Boriding kinetics of AISI D2 steel by using two different approaches,” Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 61, 756 – 763 (2020).
M. Keddam and M. Kulka, “Simulation of the growth kinetics of FeB and Fe2B layers on AISI D2 steel by the integral method,” Phys. Met. Metallogr., 119, 842 – 851 (2018).
L. G. Yu, X. J. Chen, A. K. Khor, and G. Sundararajan, “FeB/Fe2B phase transformation during SPS pack-boriding: Boride layer growth kinetics,” Acta Mater., 53, 2361 – 2368 (2005).
H. Okamoto, “B – Fe (boron – iron)”, J. Phase Equil. Diff., 25, 297 – 298 (2004).
L. G. Yu, K. A. Khor, and G. Sundararajan, “Boriding of mild steel using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 157, 226 – 230 (2002).
G. Kartal, O. L. Eryilmaz, G. Krumdick, et al., “Kinetics of electrochemical boriding of low carbon steel,” Appl. Surf. Sci., 257, 6928 – 6934 (2011).
S. Sen, U. Sen and C. Bindal, “An approach to kinetic study of borided steels,” Surf. Coat. Technol., 191, 274 – 285 (2005).
K. Genel, I. Ozbek, and C. Bindal, “Kinetics of boriding of AISI W1 steel,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 347, 311 – 314 (2003).
K. Genel, “Boriding kinetics of H13 steel,” Vacuum, 80, 451 – 457 (2006).
A. G. Çelik, “Investigation of the diffusion rate of boron atom in AISI D3 steel,” Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf., 56, 780 – 784 (2020).
M. Keddam and M. Kulka, “Modeling of the kinetics of boron diffusion in dehydrated paste pack-borided AISI M2 steel based on two mathematical approaches,” Mater. Perform. Charact., 9, 303 – 314 (2020).
O. Ozdemir, M. A. Omar, M. Usta, et al., “An investigation on boriding kinetics of AISI 316 stainless steel,” Vacuum, 83, 175 – 179 (2008).
C. Martini, G. Palombarini, and M. Carbucicchio, “Mechanism of thermochemical growth of iron borides on iron,” J. Mater. Sci., 39, 933 – 937 (2004).
W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, and S. A. Teukolsky, Numerical Recipes in Pascal: The Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press (1989), 759 p.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 8, pp. 29 – 35, August, 2021.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keddam, M., Jurči, P. Alternative Kinetic Model of Growth of Boride Layers on Steel AISI 316. Met Sci Heat Treat 63, 430–436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-021-00707-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-021-00707-4