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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell’s exosomes as key nanoparticles in osteogenesis and bone regeneration: specific capacity based on cell type

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Abstract

Today, communities and their health systems are facing with several challenges associated with the population ageing. Growing number of bone disorders is one of the most serious consequences of aging. According to the reports bone disorders won’t just affect the elderly population. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that could be derived from a variety of tissues including bone marrow, Wharton’s Jelly, adipose tissue, and others. MSCs have been utilized in different researches in the field of regenerative medicine because of their immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory mechanisms (like: inhibiting the activity of antigen presenting cells, and suppressing the activity of T lymphocyte cells, macrophages, and so on.), migration to injured areas, and participation in healing processes. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are a type of these cells which can be commonly used in bone research with the promising results. These cells function by releasing a large number of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes are the most major EVs products produced by BMMSCs. They have the same contents and properties as their parent cells; however, these structures don’t have the defects of cell therapy. Proteins (annexins, tetraspannins, etc.), lipids (cholesterol, phosphoglycerides, etc.), nucleic acids (micro-RNAs, and etc.) and other substances are found in exosomes. Exosomes affect target cells, causing them to change their function. The features of BMMSC exosomes’ mechanism in osteogenesis and bone regeneration (like: effects on other MSCs, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and angiogenesis) and also the effects of their micro-RNAs on osteogenesis are the subject of the present review.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff and experts of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences for their help and support. This article was done with Grant number: (62516) and ethical number: (IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.039).

This study was financially supported by the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. This article was done with Grant number: (62516) and ethical number: (IR.TBZMED.REC.1398.039).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah, Seyed Kazem Shakouri & Leila Roshangar

  2. Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah, Maryam Javadi, Jafar Soleimani Rad & Leila Roshangar

  3. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah, Maryam Javadi, Jafar Soleimani Rad & Leila Roshangar

  4. Stem cell and regenerative medicine research center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amirhossein Mohammadi

  5. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amirhossein Mohammadi

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In connection with this review article, the main idea was given by LR. The initial draft of the article was written by MSGHF. The figures design of the article was done by MJ. AHM, JSR and SKSH critically revised the manuscript. Also, all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and they read and approved the final manuscript. In general, all authors were involved in writing and editing parts of this article.

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Gholami Farashah, M.S., Javadi, M., Mohammadi, A. et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell’s exosomes as key nanoparticles in osteogenesis and bone regeneration: specific capacity based on cell type. Mol Biol Rep 49, 12203–12218 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07807-1

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