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Bisphenol S leads to cytotoxicity-induced antioxidant responses and oxidative stress in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes

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Abstract

Background

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a chemical compound that is utilized in the plastic industry as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA). The toxic effects of BPS in fish is less known and limited. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of BPS on rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes in vitro was investigated.

Methods and results

For this purpose the fish hepatocytes were isolated, and then the cultured cells were treated with increasing concentrations of BPS (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.50, 125, 250, and 500 µM) for 24 h. The cytotoxic impact of BPS was determined in the culture media using lactate dehydrogenase assay and then, the antioxidant defence indicators were assayed. The results showed that concentration-dependent increases were observed in the percentage of cytotoxicity. The superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, while the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity increased with all of the BPS concentrations. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity significantly increased after a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, while GST Theta 1-1 activity was decreased by the same concentrations of BPS. The reduced glutathione content significantly decreased with a BPS concentration of 31.25 µM or higher, and the malondialdehyde content increased after BPS concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µM.

Conclusions

The findings determined herein suggested that BPS causes cytotoxicity in fish hepatocytes and can lead to oxidative stress, resulting hepatotoxic in fish. Thus, the utilization of BPS instead of BPA as safe alternative in industry should be re-evaluated in the future for environmental health.

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Data availability

All of the data and the material that were used and analyzed in the course of the study herein can be obtained from the author for correspondence upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors declare that no financial support was received for either the research or the writing of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Tuşba, Van, Turkey

    Burak Kaptaner, Handan Aykut, Emine Doğan, Müşerref Bostancı & Fatoş Yıldız

  2. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080, Tuşba, Van, Turkey

    Can Yılmaz & Ceylan Fidan

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  1. Burak Kaptaner
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Contributions

This research was conceived by BK. The isolation and culturing of the hepatocytes, and the application of the treatments were performed by BK, HA, ED, MB and FY. The cytotoxicity testing was performed by BK, HA, ED, and FY. The antioxidant defense system indicators were measured by BK, CY, HA, ED, CF, FY, and MB. Analyzing of the data and interpreting the results were performed by BK and CY. The drafting and editing of the manuscript were performed by BK and CY. The manuscript was finalized by BK.

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Correspondence to Burak Kaptaner.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regards to this research.

Ethical approval

The procedures that were conducted within this research were all performed in line with the procedures set forth by the National and Institutional Regulations for the Protection of Animal Welfare. The necessary permissions were obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Animal Experiments Ethics Committee of Van Yuzuncu Yil University, under decision No.: 2021/03-15 and protocol No.: E.37149.

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Kaptaner, B., Yılmaz, C., Aykut, H. et al. Bisphenol S leads to cytotoxicity-induced antioxidant responses and oxidative stress in isolated rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) hepatocytes. Mol Biol Rep 48, 7657–7666 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06771-6

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