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Mechanical modeling of strain rate-dependent behavior of shear-stiffening gel

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Abstract

Shear stiffening gels (SSGs) exhibit the unique behavior of a rapid increase of modulus or viscosity with increasing strain rate. Because of this rate-dependent behavior, SSGs are used in shock-absorbing applications such as helmets and body armor. In this study, the constitutive relationship of SSGs was investigated by preparing an SSG and then performing various experiments for rheological characterization using a rheometer for low and medium shear rates, and a split Hopkinson pressure bar test for high shear rates. Then, using a stress and corresponding strain invariant, the stress and strain rate were plotted in a graph, from which a non-Newtonian relationship was established for the SSG. Finally, the impact behaviors of multi-layer structures made from the SSG were simulated, and the results were compared with experimental results, validating the constitutive relationship.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by SAMSUNG DISPLAY Co.,Ltd (0417-20200103). And this work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2018M3A7B4089670 and NRF-2019R1A2C1089331). This work was also supported by the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology through the Development of Carbon Industrial Cluster Foundation Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (10083615, Development of T700/48K grade carbon fiber manufacturing technology with spinning speed of over 250 m/min). The Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this work. Hopkinson pressure bar test was conducted using the testing equipment of the Extreme Performance Testing Center at Seoul National University. The authors also thank the Intelligent Multiscale Design & Processing Laboratory (I'mDP) at Ajou University for access to the drop ball test facility used for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

    Jinsu Kim, Yeonsong Kim & Woong-Ryeol Yu

  2. Samsung Display Co., Ltd, 1 Samsung-ro, Giheung-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Yongin-si, Korea

    Heonjung Shin

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  1. Jinsu Kim
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  2. Yeonsong Kim
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  4. Woong-Ryeol Yu
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Correspondence to Woong-Ryeol Yu.

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Appendix A

Appendix A

1.1 Mechanical properties and constitutive model of the PET film

PET films were prepared using 50-μm-thick films of optical PET (V7610; SKC). Tensile tests were then performed under different strain-rate conditions. The PET film showed strain rate-dependent behavior (Fig. 18). A viscoplastic model was adopted to describe the mechanical behavior of the PET film. The governing equations of the model are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Basic equations of the viscoplastic model
Full size table

From the tensile experiment results, the material parameters of the PET film were determined according to the literature (Kim et al. 2021). The viscoplastic model showed good agreement with the experimental results and was used for impact simulation of the three-layer structure. Table 2.

Table 2 Material coefficients of the constitutive equation for the PET film
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Fig. 18
figure 18

Experimental results and fitting curve for the PET film (solid and dashed lines represent the simulation and the experimental results, respectively)

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Kim, J., Kim, Y., Shin, H. et al. Mechanical modeling of strain rate-dependent behavior of shear-stiffening gel. Int J Mech Mater Des 19, 3–16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10999-022-09618-5

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