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Changes in agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs in relation to landscape context in the Argentine Chaco

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Abstract

Context

Better balancing agricultural production and biodiversity conservation is a central goal for many landscapes. Yet, empirical work on how to best achieve such a balance has focused mainly on the local scale, thereby disregarding that landscape context might mediate biodiversity-agriculture trade-offs.

Objectives

Focusing on vertebrates in the Argentine Chaco, we evaluate how trade-offs between agriculture and biodiversity vary with landscape context, from landscapes where agricultural and natural areas are separated to landscapes where both are interspersed.

Methods

We modelled the distributions of 226 vertebrates and use the resulting maps to describe the species richness of ecosystem-service providing guilds. We calculated three agricultural intensity metrics, and evaluated how both species richness and agricultural intensity vary along a gradient of landscape configuration, while controlling for landscape composition.

Results

Species richness and agricultural yields both varied with landscape configuration. Biodiversity was highest in mixed landscapes where agricultural and natural area are interspersed, whereas agricultural yields showed a more heterogeneous response, with some yield metrics highest in mixed and others in separated landscapes. As a result, agriculture/biodiversity trade-offs depended strongly on landscape configuration, irrespective of landscape composition. We also identified large areas with low vertebrate richness and agricultural yields, suggesting considerable potential for improving in at least one dimension.

Conclusions

Agriculture/biodiversity trade-offs varied with landscape configuration, suggesting that landscape design can balance these trade-offs. Our simple and broadly applicable approach can provide baseline information for landscape planning aimed at realizing co-benefits between agriculture and biodiversity—in the Gran Chaco and elsewhere.

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Fig.1

Source Olson et al. (2001); b Córdoba province, with districts making up the study region in light gray. The dashed line indicates areas above 500 m a.s.l. and dark areas indicate inland lakes and salt plains (all not considered in the study); c Vegetation classes in the study area (for 2017/18), including natural habitats suitable for conversion to agriculture (forests, shrublands and grasslands) and agricultural areas (crops and pastures). W = western sub-region; E = eastern sub-region

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Acknowledgements

RT thanks the Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina for funding this research (SECyT-UNC, Res. 313-16, 455-2018 and 472-2018). TK gratefully acknowledges funding by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, project PASANOA, 031B0034A) and the German Research Foundation (DFG, project KU 2458/5-1). We thank L. Macchi for help with the agricultural intensity metrics. The constructive comments of three reviewers and associated editor Dr. Herzog greatly improved this manuscript.

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  1. Laboratorio de Biogeografía Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Museo de Zoología, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina

    Ricardo Torres

  2. Geography Department and Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany

    Tobias Kuemmerle

  3. Cátedra de Recursos Naturales y Gestión Ambiental, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, and Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV, CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina

    Marcelo R. Zak

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  1. Ricardo Torres
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Correspondence to Ricardo Torres.

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Torres, R., Kuemmerle, T. & Zak, M.R. Changes in agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs in relation to landscape context in the Argentine Chaco. Landscape Ecol 36, 703–719 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01155-w

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