Agee JK (1993) Fire ecology of pacific northwest forests. Island Press, Covelo
Google Scholar
Agee JK (1998) The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Sci 72:24–34
Google Scholar
Agee JK, Skinner CN (2005) Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. For Ecol Manag 211:83–96
Article
Google Scholar
Allen CD, Savage M, Falk DA, Suckling KF, Swetnam TW, Schulke T, Stacey PB, Morgan P, Hoffman M, Klingel JT (2002) Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: a broad perspective. Ecol Appl 12:1418–1433
Article
Google Scholar
Allen CD, Macalady AK, Chenchouni H, Bachelet D, McDowell N, Vennetier M, Kitzberger T, Rigling A, Breshears DD, Hogg EH, Gonzalez P, Fensham R, Zhang Z, Castro J, Demidova N, Limp J-H, Allard G, Running SW, Semerci A, Cobb N (2010) A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. For Ecol Manag 259:660–684
Article
Google Scholar
Arno SF, Gruell GE (1986) Douglas-fir encroachment into mountain grasslands in southwestern Montana. J Range Manag 39:272–276
Article
Google Scholar
Arnst A (1985) We climbed the highest mountains. Fernhopper Press, Portland
Google Scholar
Baker WL (2012) Implications of spatially extensive historical data from surveys for restoring dry forests of Oregon’s eastern Cascades. Ecosphere, 3(3) art23
Belote RT, Aplet GH (2014) Land protection and timber harvesting along productivity and diversity gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Ecosphere, 5(2) art17
Belsky JA, Blumenthal DM (1997) Effects of livestock grazingon stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West. Conserv Biol 11:315–327
Article
Google Scholar
Bentz BJ, Régnière J, Fettig CJ, Hansen EM, Hayes JL, Hicke JA, Kelsey RG, Negrón JF, Seybold SJ (2010) Climate change and bark beetles of the western United States and Canada: direct and indirect effects. Bioscience 60:602–613
Article
Google Scholar
Bisson PA, Rieman BE, Luce C, Hessburg PF, Lee DC, Kershner JL, Reeves GH, Gresswell RE (2003) Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions. For Ecol Manag 178:213–229
Article
Google Scholar
Bisson PA, Dunham JB, Reeves GH (2009) Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: habitat management based on natural variability. Ecol Soc 14(1):45
Google Scholar
Bosworth D (2006) Investing in the future: ecological restoration and the US forest service. J For 105:208–211
Google Scholar
Brown RT, Agee JK, Franklin JF (2004) Forest restoration and fire: principles in the context of place. Conserv Biol 18:903–912
Article
Google Scholar
Butler WH (2013) Collaboration at arm’s length: navigating agency engagement in landscape-scale ecological restoration collaboratives. J For 111:395–403
Google Scholar
Camp A, Oliver C, Hessburg PF, Everett RL (1997) Predicting late-successional fire refugia pre-dating European settlement in the Wenatchee Mountains. For Ecol Manag 95:63–77
Article
Google Scholar
Cansler CA, McKenzie D (2014) Climate, fire size, and biophysical setting control fire severity and spatial pattern in the northern Cascade Range, USA. Ecol Appl 24:1037–1056
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Chapin FS III, Carpenter SR, Kofinas GP, Folke C, Abel N, Clark WC, Olsson P, Stafford Smith DM, Walker BH, Young OR, Berkes F, Biggs R, Grove JM, Naylor RL, Pinkerton E, Steffen W, Swanson FJ (2010) Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies for a rapidly changing planet. Trends Ecol Evol 25:241–249
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Charnley S, Sheridan TE, Nabhan GP (eds) (2014) Stitching the west back together: conservation of working landscapes. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Google Scholar
Cheng AS, Sturtevant VE (2012) A framework for assessing collaborative capacity in community-based public forest management. Environ Manage 49:675–689
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Churchill DJ, Larson AJ, Dahlgreen MC, Franklin JF, Hessburg PF, Lutz JA (2013) Restoring forest resilience: from reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring. For Ecol Manag 291:442–457
Article
Google Scholar
Collins BM, Stephens SL (2010) Stand-replacing patches within a mixed severity fire regime: quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area. Landsc Ecol 25:927–939
Article
Google Scholar
Collins BM, Miller JD, Thode AE, Kelly M, van Wagtendonk JW, Stephens SL (2009) Interactions among wildland fires in a long-established Sierra Nevada natural fire area. Ecosystems 12:114–128
Article
Google Scholar
Collins BM, Everett RG, Stephens SL (2011) Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecosphere. doi:10.1890/ES11-00026.1
Google Scholar
Collins BM, Lydersen JM, Everett RG, Fry DF, Stephens SL (2015) Novel characterization of landscape-level variabilty in historical vegetation structure. Ecol Appl 16:1267–1276
Google Scholar
Coop JD, Givnish TJ (2007) Spatial and temporal patterns of recent forest encroachment in montane grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA. J Biogeogr 34:914–927
Article
Google Scholar
Crookston NL, Rehfeldt GE, Dixon GE, Weiskittel AR (2010) Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics. For Ecol Manag 260:1198–1211
Article
Google Scholar
Culhane PJ (2013) Public lands politics: interest group influence on the forest service and the bureau of land management. Routledge, New York
Google Scholar
Delong CS, Tanner D (1996) Managing the pattern of forest harvest: lessons from wildfire. Biodiv Conserv 5:1191–1205
Article
Google Scholar
DeLuca TH, Aplet GH (2008) Charcoal and carbon storage in forest soils of the Rocky Mountain West. Front Ecol Environ 6:18–24
Article
Google Scholar
Dickinson Y (2014) Landscape restoration of a forest with a historically mixed-severity fire regime: what was the historical landscape pattern of forest and openings? For Ecol Manag 331:264–271
Article
Google Scholar
Dobrowski SZ, Thorne JH, Greenberg JA, Safford HD, Mynsberge AR, Crimmins SM, Swanson AK (2011) Modeling plant ranges over 75 years of climate change in California, USA: temporal transferability and species traits. Ecol Mono 81:241–251
Article
Google Scholar
Dodd NL, Schweinsburg RE, Boe S (2006) Landscape-scale forest habitat relationships to tassel-eared squirrel populations: implications for ponderosa pine forest restoration. Restor Ecol 14(4):537–547
Dodson EK, Peterson DW, Harrod RJ (2008) Understory vegetation response to thinning and burning restoration treatments in dry conifer forests of the eastern Cascades, USA. For Ecol Manag 255(8):3130–3140
Duncan SL, McComb BC, Johnson KN (2010) Integrating ecological and social ranges of variability in conservation of biodiversity: past, present, and future. Ecol Soc 15(1):5
Google Scholar
Dunlap RE, Mertig AG (2014) American environmentalism: The US environmental movement, 1970–1990. Taylor & Francis, London
Google Scholar
Ellison AM, Bank MS, Clinton BD, Colburn EA, Elliot K, Ford CR, Foster DR, Kloeppel BD, Knoepp JD, Lovett GM, Mohan J, Orwig DA, Rodenhouse NL, Sobczak WV, Stinson KA, Stone JK, Swan CM, Thompson J, Von Holle B, Webster JR (2005) Loss of foundation species: consequences for the structure and dynamics of forested ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 3:479–486
Article
Google Scholar
Falk D, Miller C, McKenzie D, Black A (2007) Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes. Ecosystems 10:809–823
Article
Google Scholar
Fettig CJ, Klepzig KD, Billings RF, Munson AS, Nebeker TE, Negrón JF, Nowak JT (2007) The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. For Ecol Manag 238(1):24–53
Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J (2005) Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Ann Rev Environ Res 30:441–473
Article
Google Scholar
Forman RT (2003) Road ecology: science and solutions. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Foster DR, Knight DH, Franklin JF (1998) Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large, infrequent forest disturbances. Ecosystems 1:497–510
Article
Google Scholar
Franklin JF, Forman RT (1987) Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecol 1:5–18
Article
Google Scholar
Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2012) A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. J For 110:429–439
Google Scholar
Franklin JF, Lindenmayer D, MacMahon JA, McKee A, Magnuson J, Perry DA, Waide R, Foster D (2000) Threads of continuity. Conserv Pract 1(1):8–17
Article
Google Scholar
Franklin JF, Johnson KN, Churchill DJ, Hagmann K, Johnson D, Johnston J (2013) Restoration of dry forests in eastern Oregon: a field guide. Nat Conserv, Portland
Google Scholar
Franklin JF, Hagmann RK, Urgenson LS (2014) Interactions between societal goals and restoration of dry forest landscapes in western North America. Landscape Ecol 29:1–11
Article
Google Scholar
Frelich LE, Reich PB (1999) Mini-reviews: neighborhood effects, disturbance severity, and community stability in forests. Ecosystems 2:151–166
Article
Google Scholar
Fry DL, Stephens SL, Collins BM, North MP, Franco-Vizcaino E, Gill S (2014) Contrasting spatial patterns in active-fire and fire-suppressed Mediterranean climate old-growth mixed-conifer forests. PLoS ONE 9(2):e88985
PubMed Central
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fulé PZ, Crouse JE, Roccaforte JP, Kalies EL (2012) Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior? For Ecol Manag 269:68–81
Gaines WL, Singleton PH, Ross RC (2003) Assessing the cumulative effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, PNW-GTR-586
Gregory S, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (2003) The ecology and management of wood in world rivers. Am Fish Soc Symp 37:315–336
Google Scholar
Grumbine RE (1994) What is ecosystem management? Conserv Bio 8:27–38
Article
Google Scholar
Habeck JR (1994) Using general land office records to assess forest succession in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests in western Montana. Northwest Sci 68:69–78
Google Scholar
Hagmann RK, Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2013) Historical structure and composition of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests in south-central Oregon. For Ecol Manag 304:492–504
Article
Google Scholar
Hagmann RK, Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2014) Historical conditions in mixed-conifer forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Oregon Cascade Range, USA. For Ecol Manag 330:158–170
Article
Google Scholar
Hampe A, Petit RJ (2005) Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecol Lett 8:461–467
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Hargrove WW, Hoffman FM (2004) Potential of multivariate quantitative methods for delineation and visualization of ecoregions. Environ Manag 34:S39–S60
Article
Google Scholar
Harrod RJ, McRae BH, Hartl WE (1999) Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide silvicultural prescriptions. For Ecol Manag 114:433–446
Article
Google Scholar
Helms JA (1988) Forest vegetation management for conifer production. Wiley, New York
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Agee JK (2003) An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000. For Ecol Manage 178:23–59
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Mitchell RG, Filip GM (1994) Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-327. Portland: USDA-FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station
Hessburg PF, Smith BG, Salter RB (1999a) Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecol Appl 9:1232–1252
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Smith BG, Kreiter SD et al (1999b) Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the interior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: Part I: Linking vegetation patterns and landscape vulnerability to potential insect and pathogen disturbances. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-458. Portland: USDA-FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station, p 357
Hessburg PF, Smith BG, Salter RB, Ottmar RD, Alvarado E (2000a) Recent changes (1930’s–1990’s) in spatial patterns of interior northwest forests, USA. For Ecol Manag 136:53–83
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Salter RB, Richmond M, Smith BG (2000b) Ecological subregions of the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Appl Veg Sci 3:163–180
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Agee JK, Franklin JF (2005) Dry mixed-coniferforests and wildland fires of the Inland Northwest: contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. For Ecol Manag 211:117–139
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, James KM, Salter RB (2007) Re-examining fire severity relations in pre-management era mixed-conifer forests: inferences from landscape patterns of forest structure. Landscape Ecol 22:5–24
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Reynolds KM, Salter RB, Dickinson JD, Gaines WL, Harrod RJ (2013) Landscape evaluation for restoration planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA. Sustainability 5:805–840
Article
Google Scholar
Hessburg PF, Perry DA, Spies TA, Skinner CN, Stephens SL, Taylor AH, Franklin JF, McComb B, Riegel G (2015) Management of mixed severity forests in Washington, Oregon, and California. For Ecol Manag 262:703–717
Google Scholar
Higgs E, Falk DA, Guerrini A, Hall M, Harris J, Hobbs RJ, Jackson ST, Rhemtulla JM, Throop W (2014) The changing role of history in restoration ecology. Front Ecol Environ 12:499–506
Article
Google Scholar
Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Harris JA (2009) Novel ecosystems: implication for conservation and restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 24:599–605
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Holden ZA, Morgan P, Rollins MG, Kavanagh K (2007) Effects of multiple wildland fires on ponderosa pine stand structure in two southwestern wilderness areas, USA. Fire Ecol 3:18–33
Article
Google Scholar
Holling CS (1992) Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecol Monogr 62:447–502
Article
Google Scholar
Hunter ML (2005) A mesofilter conservation strategy to complement fine and coarse filters. Conserv Biol 19:1025–1029
Article
Google Scholar
ISAB (2011) Using a comprehensive landscape approach for more effective conservation and restoration. Northwest Power and Conservation Council Report No. ISAB 2011-4. Portland. www.nwcouncil.org/fw/isab/isab2011-4/. Accessed 15 Aug 2013
Jain TB, Graham RT, Sandquist J, Butler M, Brockus K, Frigard D, Cobb D, Sup-Han H, Halbrook J, Denner R, Evans JS (2008) Restoration of northern Rocky Mountain moist forests: Integrating fuel treatments from the site to the landscape. pp 147–172 in USDA Forest Service, PNW-GTR-733
Johnson EA (1992) Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Book
Google Scholar
Johnson EA, Miyanishi K (1995) The need for consideration of fire behavior and effects in prescribed burning. Restor Ecol 3:271–278
Article
Google Scholar
Jones JA, Swanson FJ, Wemple BC, Snyder KU (2000) Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conserv Biol 14:76–85
Article
Google Scholar
Kane VR, North MP, Lutz JA, Churchill DJ, Roberts SL, Smith DF, McGaughey RJ, Kane J, Brooks ML (2014) Assessing fire effects on forest spatial structure using a fusion of Landsat and airborne LiDAR data in Yosemite National Park. Remote Sens Environ 151:89–101
Article
Google Scholar
Kane VR, Lutz JA, Cansler A, Povak NA, Churchill DJ, Smith D, Kane JT, North MP (2015) Water balance and topography predict fire and forest structure patterns. For Ecol Manag 338:1–13
Article
Google Scholar
Keane RE, Parsons RA, Hessburg PF (2002) Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach. Ecol Model 151:29–49
Article
Google Scholar
Keane RE, Hessburg PF, Landres PB, Swanson FJ (2009) The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. For Ecol Manag 258:1025–1037
Article
Google Scholar
Keiter RB (2005) Public lands and law reform: putting theory, policy, and practice in perspective. Utah Law Rev 1127:1173–1180
Google Scholar
Knight RL, Landres PB (1998) Stewardship across boundaries. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Kotliar NB, Wiens JA (1990) Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity. Oikos 59:253–260
Article
Google Scholar
Krieger D (2001) Economic value of forest ecosystem services: areview. The Wilderness Society, Washington
Google Scholar
Küchler AW(1964) Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. Manual to accompany the map (No. 36). American Geographical Society
Landres PB, Morgan P, Swanson FJ (1999) Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecol Appl 9:1179–1188
Google Scholar
Langston N (1995) Forest dreams, forest nightmares: the paradox of old growth in the Inland West. University of Washington Press, Seattle
Google Scholar
Larson AJ, Churchill D (2012) Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. For Ecol Manag 267:74–92
Article
Google Scholar
Larson AJ, Belote RT, Williamson MA, Aplet GH (2013) Making monitoring count: project design for active adaptive management. J For 111:348–356
Google Scholar
Lertzman KP, Fall J (1998) From forest stands to landscapes: spatial scales and the roles of disturbances. In: Peterson DL, Parker VT (eds) Ecological scale: theory and applications. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 339–367
Google Scholar
Littell J, McKenzie D, Peterson D, Westerling A (2009) Climate and wildfire area burned in western US ecoprovinces, 1916–2003. Ecol Appl 19:1003–1021
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Loehman RA, Clark JA, Keane RE (2011) Modeling effects of climate change and fire management on western white pine (Pinus monticola) in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Forests 2:832–860
Article
Google Scholar
Luce CH, Black TA (1999) Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon. Water Resour Res 35:2561–2570
Article
Google Scholar
Lutz JA, van Wagtendonk JW, Franklin JF (2009) Twentieth-century decline of large-diameter trees in Yosemite National Park, California, USA. For Ecol Manag 257:2296–2307
Article
Google Scholar
Lydersen JM, North MP (2012) Topographic variation in active-fire forest structure under current climate conditions. Ecosystems 15:1134–1146
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Lydersen JM, North MP, Knapp EE, Collins BM (2013) Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging. For Ecol Manag 304:370–382
Article
Google Scholar
Lydersen JM, North MP, Collins BM (2014) Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes. For Ecol Manag 328:326–334
Article
Google Scholar
Malamud BD, Morein G, Turcotte DL (1998) Forest fires: an example of self-organized critical behavior. Science 281:1840–1842
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Marshall R (1928) The life history of some western white pine stands on the Kaniksu National Forest. Northwest Sci 2:48–53
Google Scholar
McGarigal K, Romme WH (2012) Modeling historical range of variation at a rangeof scales: example application. In: Wiens J, Regan C, Hayward G, Safford H (eds) Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management. Wiley, Hoboken
Google Scholar
McKenzie D, Gedalof ZE, Peterson DL, Mote P (2004) Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation. Conserv Biol 18:890–902
Article
Google Scholar
Merschel AG, Spies TA, Heyerdahl EK (2014) Mixed-conifer forests of central Oregon: effects of logging and fire exclusion vary with environment. Ecol Appl 24:1670–1688
Article
Google Scholar
Meyer MD (2015) Forest fire severity patterns of resource objective wildfires in the southern Sierra Nevada. J For 113:49–56
Google Scholar
Millar CI, Stephenson NL, Stephens SL (2007) Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol Appl 17:2145–2151
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Miller C (2007) Simulation of the consequences of different fire regimes to support wildland fire use decisions. Fire Ecol 3:83–102
Article
Google Scholar
Miller C, Davis B (2009) Quantifying the consequences of fire suppression in two California national parks. George Wright Forum 26:76–88
Google Scholar
Miller JM, Keen FP (1960) Biology and control of the western pine beetle: a summary of the first fifty years of research. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 800, Washington
Google Scholar
Miller JD, Safford HD, Crimmins M, Thode AE (2009) Quantitative evidence for increasing forest fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA. Ecosystems 12:16–32
Article
Google Scholar
Moritz MA, Hessburg PF, Povak NA (2011) Native fire regimes and landscape resilience. In: McKenzie D, Miller CA, Falk DA (eds) The landscape ecology of fire. Springer, New York
Google Scholar
Moritz MA, Hurteau MD, Suding KN, D’Antonio CM (2013) Bounded ranges of variation as a framework for future conservation and fire management. Annal NY Acad Sci 1286:92–107
Article
Google Scholar
Naficy C, Sala A, Keeling E, Graham J, DeLuca TH (2010) Interactive effects of historical logging and fire exclusion on ponderosa pine forest structure in the northern Rockies. Ecol Appl 20:1851–1864
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Neilson RP (1986) High-resolution climatic analysis and southwest biogeography. Science 232:27–34
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Neilson RP (1995) A model for predicting continental-scale vegetation distribution and water balance. Ecol Appl 5:362–385
Article
Google Scholar
North M (2012) A desired future condition for Sierra Nevada forests. In: M. North (ed.) Managing Sierra Nevada Forests, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-237: 165-175, USDA-FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, pp 165–175
North M, Stine P, O’Hara K, Zielinski W, Stephens S (2009) An ecosystem management strategy for Sierran mixed-conifer forests. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-220. Albany: USDA-FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station. p 49
North MP, Collins BM, Stephens SL (2012a) Using fire to increase the scale, benefits and future maintenance of fuels treatments. J For 110:392–401
Google Scholar
North M, Boynton RM, Stine PA, Shipley KF, Underwood EC, Roth NE, Viers JH, Quinn JF (2012b) Geographic information system landscape analysis using GTR 220 concepts. In: M North (ed) Managing Sierra Nevada Forests, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-237:107-115. USDA-FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, p 184
North M, Brough A, Long J, Collins B, Bowden P, Yasuda D, Miller J, Suighara N (2015) Constraints on mechanized treatment significantly limit mechanical fuels reduction extent in the Sierra Nevada. J For 113:40–48
Google Scholar
Noss RF, Cooperrider A (1994) Saving nature’s legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Noss RF, Franklin JF, Baker WL, SchoennagelT Moyle PB (2006) Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States. Front Ecol Environ 4:481–487
Article
Google Scholar
Nyland R (2002) Silviculture: concepts and applications. Waveland Press Inc, New York
Google Scholar
Odion DC, Moritz MA, Dellasala DA (2010) Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA. J Ecol 98:96–105
Article
Google Scholar
Odion DC, Hanson CT, Arsenault A, Baker WL, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Klenner W, Moritz MA, Sheriff RL, Veblen TT, Williams MA (2014) Examining historical and current mixed-severity fire regimes in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of western North America. PLoS ONE 9(2):e87852
PubMed Central
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
O’Hara K, Latham P, Hessburg PF, Smith BG (1996) Development of a forest stand structural stage classification for the Interior Columbia River Basin. West J Appl For 11:97–102
Google Scholar
O’Hara KL, Nagel LM (2013) The stand: revisiting a central concept in forestry. J For 111:335–340
Google Scholar
Oliver CD, Larson BC (1996) Forest stand dynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York
Google Scholar
Olson DL, Agee JK (2005) Historical fires in Douglas-fir dominated riparian forests of the southern Cascades, Oregon. Fire Ecol 1:50–74
Article
Google Scholar
O’Neill RV (1986) A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Google Scholar
Parks SA, Holsinger LM, Miller C, Nelson CR (2015) Wildland fire as a self-regulating mechanisms: the role of previous burns and weather in limiting fire progression. Ecol Appl 25(3):768–778
Article
Google Scholar
Parsons DJ, DeBenedetti SH (1979) Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest. For Ecol Manag 2:21–33
Article
Google Scholar
Pearson RG, Dawson TP (2003) Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecol Biogeogr 12:361–371
Article
Google Scholar
Perera A, Bus LJ, Weber MG (2004) Emulating natural forest landscape disturbances: concepts and applications. Columbia University Press, New York
Google Scholar
Perry DA, Hessburg PF, Skinner CN, Spies TA, Stephens SL, Taylor AH, Franklin JF, McComb B, Riegel G (2011) The ecology of mixed severity fire regimes in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. For Ecol Manag 262:703–717
Article
Google Scholar
Peters DPC, Pielke RA, Bestelmeyer BT, Allen CD, Munson-McGee S, Havstad KM (2004) Cross-scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101:15130–15135
Peterson GD (2002) Contagious disturbance, ecological memory, and the emergence of landscape pattern. Ecosystems 5:329–338
Article
Google Scholar
Peterson DL, Johnson MC, Agee JK, Jain TB, McKenzie D, Reinhardt ED (2005) Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forests of the Western United States. USDA-FS, General Technical Report PNW‐GTR‐628, pp 1–30
Peterson DW, Dodson EK, Harrod RJ (2015) Post-fire logging reduces surface woody fuels up to four decades following wildfire. For Ecol Manag 338:84–91
Article
Google Scholar
Puettmann KJ, Coates KD, Messier CC (2012) A critique of silviculture: managing for complexity. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Raphael MG, Wisdom MJ, Rowland MM, Holthausen RS, Wales BC, Marcot BG, Rich TD (2001) Status and trends of habitats of terrestrial vertebrates in relation to land management in the interior Columbia River Basin. For Ecol Manag 153:63–87
Article
Google Scholar
Reed RA, Johnson-Barnard J, Baker WL (1996) Contribution of roads to forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conserv Biol 10:1098–1106
Article
Google Scholar
Reed DH, O’Grady JJ, Brook BW, Ballou JD, Frankham R (2003) Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates. Biol Conserv 113:23–34
Article
Google Scholar
Reeves GH, Bisson PA (2009) Fish and old-growth forests. In: Spies TA, Duncan SL (eds) Old growth in a new world: a Pacific Northwest icon re-examined. Island Press, Washington, pp 70–82
Google Scholar
Reeves GH, Benda LE, Burnett KM, Bisson PA, Sedell JR (1995) A disturbance-based ecosystem approach to maintaining and restoring freshwater habitats of evolutionarily significant units of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. Am Fish Soc Symp 17:334–349
Google Scholar
Reinhardt ED, Keane RE, Calkin DE, Cohen JD (2008) Objectives and considerations for wildland fuel treatment in forested ecosystems of the interior United States. For Ecol Manag 256:1997–2006
Article
Google Scholar
Reynolds RT, Meador AJS, Youtz JA, Nicolet T, Matonis MS, Jackson PL, DeLorenzo DG, Graves AD (2013) Restoring composition and structure in southwestern frequent-fire forests: a science-based framework for improving ecosystem resiliency. USDA Forest Service, RMRS-GTR-310
Rieman BE, Hessburg PF, Lee DC, Thurow RF, Sedell JR (2000) Toward an integrated classification of ecosystems: defining opportunities for managing fish and forest health. Environ Manag 25:425–444
Article
Google Scholar
Rieman B, Lee D, Burns D, Gresswell R, Young M, Stowell R, Rinne J, Howell P (2003) Status of native fishes in the western United States and issues for fire and fuels management. For Ecol Manag 178:197–211
Article
Google Scholar
Rieman BE, Hessburg PF, Luce C, Dare MR (2010) Wildfire and management of forests and native fishes: conflict or opportunity for convergent solutions? Bioscience 60:460–468
Article
Google Scholar
Rieman BE, Smith CL, Naiman RJ, Ruggerone GT, Wood CC, Huntly N, Merrill EN, Alldredge JR, Bisson PA, Congleston J, Levings C, Pearcy W, Fausch K, Scarnecchia D, Smouse P (2015) A Comprehensive approach for habitat restoration in the columbia basin. Fisheries 40:124–135
Article
Google Scholar
Robbins WG (1999) Landscape and environment: ecological change in the Intermontane Northwest. In: Boyd R (ed) Indians, fire, and the land in the pacific northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, pp 219–237
Google Scholar
Sánchez Meador AJ, Moore MM, Bakker JD, Parysow PF (2009) 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a pinus ponderosa stand in northern Arizona, USA. J Veg Sci 20:79–90
Sánchez Meador AJ, Parysow PF, Moore MM (2011) A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions ofponderosa pine forests in Northern Arizona. Restor Ecol 19:490–499
Article
Google Scholar
Savage M, Swetnam TW (1990) Early 19th century fire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest. Ecology 71:2374–2378
Article
Google Scholar
Schoennagel T, Veblen TT, Romme W (2004) The interaction of fire, fuels, and climate across Rocky Mountain landscapes. Bioscience 54:661–676
Article
Google Scholar
Schultz CA, Jedd T, Beam RD (2012) The collaborative forest landscape restoration program: a history and overview of the first projects. J For 110:381–391
Google Scholar
Skinner CN (1995) Change in spatial characteristics of forest openings in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California, USA. Landscape Ecol 10:219–228
Article
Google Scholar
Smith DM, Larson BC, Kelty MJ, Ashton PMS (1997) The practice of silviculture: applied forest ecology. Wiley, New York
Google Scholar
Spies TA, Hemstrom MA, Youngblood A, Hummel S (2006) Conserving old-growth forest diversity in disturbance-prone landscapes. Conserv Biol 20:351–362
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Spies TA, Lindenmayer DB, Gill AM, Stephens SL, Agee JK (2012) Challenges and a checklist for biodiversity conservation in fire-prone forests: perspectives from the Pacific Northwest of USA and southeastern Australia. Biol Conserv 145:5–14
Article
Google Scholar
Spies TA, White EM, Kline JD, Fischer AP, Ager A, Bailey J, Bolte J, Koch J, Platt E, Olsen CS, Jacobs D, Shindler B, Steen-Adams MM, Hammer R (2014) Examining fire-prone forest landscapes as coupled human and natural systems. Ecol Soc 19(3):9
Article
Google Scholar
Stamps JA, Buechner M, Krishnan VV (1987) The effects of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from patches of habitat. Am Nat 129:533–552
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens SL (2004) Fuel loads, snag density, and snag recruitment in an unmanaged Jeffrey pine-mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. For Ecol Manag 199:103–113
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens SL, Fry DL, Franco-Vizcaino E, Collins BM, Moghaddas JJ (2007) Coarse woody debris and canopy cover in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed-conifer forest from the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. For Ecol Manag 240:87–95
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens SL, Fry DL, Franco-Vizcaino E (2008) Wildfire and spatial patterns in forests in northwestern Mexico: the United States wishes it had similar fire problems. Ecol Soc 13(2):10
Google Scholar
Stephens SL, Millar CI, Collins BM (2010) Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates. Environ Res Lett 5:1–9
Google Scholar
Stephens SL, Agee JK, Fulé PZ, North MP, Romme WM, Swetnam TW, Turner MG (2013) Managing forests and fire in changing climates. Science 342:41–42
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
Stephens SL, Bigelow SW, Burnett RD, Collins BM, Gallagher CV, Keane J, Kelt DA, North MP, Roberts LJ, Stine PA, Van Vuren DH (2014) California spotted owl, songbird, and small mammal responses to landscape-scale fuel treatments. Bioscience 64:893–906
Stephens SL, Lydersen JM, Collins BM, Fry DL, Meyer MD (2015) Historical and current landscape-scale ponderosa pine andmixed-conifer forest structure in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Ecosphere 304:492–504
Google Scholar
Stephenson NL (1998) Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales. J Biogeogr 25:855–870
Article
Google Scholar
Stine P, Hessburg PF, Spies TA, Kramer M, Fettig CJ, Hansen A, Lehmkuhl J, O’Hara K, Polivka K, Singleton P, Charnley S, Merschel A (2014) The ecology and management of mesic mixed-conifer forests in eastern Oregon and Washington: a synthesis of the relevant biophysical science and implications for future land management. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-897. Portland, p 254
Swanson ME, Franklin JF, Beschta RL, Crisafulli CM, DellaSala DA, Hutto RL, Lindenmayer DB, Swanson FJ (2010) The forgotten stage of forest succession: early-successional ecosystems on forest sites. Front Ecol Environ 9:117–125
Article
Google Scholar
Swetnam TW, Allen CD, Betancourt JL (1999) Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future. Ecol Appl 9:1189–1206
Article
Google Scholar
Tabor GM, Carlson A, Belote T (2014) Challenges and opportunities for large landscape-scale management in a shifting climate: The importance of nested adaptation responses across geospatial and temporal scales. Rocky Mountain Research Station Paper P-71:205-227. USDA-FS, Fort Collins
Taylor AH (2010) Fire disturbance and forest structure in an old-growth Pinus ponderosa forest, southern Cascades, USA. J Veg Sci 21:561–572
Article
Google Scholar
Trombulak SC, Frissell CA (2000) Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conserv Biol 14:18–30
Article
Google Scholar
Turner M (1989) Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 20:171–197
Article
Google Scholar
Urban DL, O’Neill RV, Shugart HH Jr (1987) Landscape ecology. Bioscience 37:119–127
Article
Google Scholar
USFS (2012) The Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest Restoration Strategy: Adaptive ecosystem management to restore landscape resiliency. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/forest-restoration
USFWS (2012) Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designation of revised critical habitat for the northern spotted owl. Final rule; 50 CFR, Part 17, FWS–R1–ES–2011–0112; 4500030114, RIN 1018–AX69, Federal Register 77, 233, Tuesday, December 4, 2012, Rules and Regulations; US Gov Printing Office: Washington, pp 71876–2068
Westerling A, Hidalgo H, Cayan D, Swetnam T (2006) Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313(5789):940
CAS
PubMed
Article
Google Scholar
White R (1991) Its your misfortune and none of my own: a new history of the American West. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman p 644
Google Scholar
Whitlock C, Bartlein PJ (1997) Vegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr. Nature 388(6637):57–61
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Whitlock C, Shafer SL, Marlon J (2003) The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management. For Ecol Manag 178:5–21
Article
Google Scholar
Whitlock C, Higuera PE, McWethy DB, Briles CE (2010) Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept. Open Ecol J 3:6–23
Article
Google Scholar
Wiens J, Milne B (1989) Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle’s perspective. Landscape Ecol 3:87–96
Article
Google Scholar
Wiens JA, Hayward GD, Safford HD, Giffen C (2012) Historical environmental variation in conservation and natural resource management. Wiley, Hoboken, p 352
Book
Google Scholar
Williams MA, Baker WL (2012) Spatially extensive reconstructions show variable-severity fire and heterogeneous structure in historical western United States dry forests. Global Ecol Biogeogr 21:1042–1052
Article
Google Scholar
Williams J, Jackson S (2007) Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises. Front Ecol Environ 5:475–482
Article
Google Scholar
Wondolleck JM, Yaffee SL (2000) Making collaboration work: lessons from innovation in natural resource managment. Island Press, Washington
Google Scholar
Wu J, David JL (2002) A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: theory and applications. Ecol Model 153:7–26
Article
Google Scholar
Wu J, Loucks O (1995) From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quart Rev Biol 70:439–466
Article
Google Scholar