Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimizing in-situ capture of Cl and C through HCl acidification and crystal formation in PVC-based cable pyrolysis

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

13X zeolite–calcium oxide (CaO) composite capture agent application in the pyrolysis recovery of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based waste cables was investigated in this research to elucidate the agent’s efficiency in capturing chlorine (Cl) and carbon (C) during pyrolysis. The 13X zeolite–CaO mixture is subjected to separate pyrolysis of the PVC-based cable outer sheath in experimental furnaces of simulated solar-powered and thermogravimetry. Subsequently, a range of spectroscopic techniques are employed to quantitatively analyze the gaseous and solid products resulting from the pyrolysis process. Through X-ray fluorescence, total carbon, and other analyses, the research outcomes demonstrated that the capture agent exhibits superior Cl and C capture performance compared to using a single agent for plastic pyrolysis. The yield of Cl element in the solid residue has increased significantly by 130–140% under the presence of optimized composite capture agent. By determining the dynamic changes of gaseous and solid products during the cable outer sheath pyrolysis, the influence of the capture agent on the redistribution and transformation mechanisms of Cl and C elements was identified, and it was found that contaminating volatiles were well immobilized in the solid residue. This research provides a new solution for efficient Cl and C capture in the pyrolysis recovery of waste cables and determines the fixation and transformation mechanisms of Cl and C elements by the composite capture agent, indicating a potential for feasible and sustainable resource utilization of waste cables.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zou Y, Li Y, Bourbigot S, Zhang J, Guo Y, Li K, et al. Determination of solid-phase reaction mechanism and chlorine migration behavior of co-pyrolyzing PVC-CaCO3 based polymer using temperature-dependent FTIR and XRD analysis. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tongamp W, Zhang Q, Shoko M, Saito F. Generation of hydrogen from polyvinyl chloride by milling and heating with CaO and Ni(OH)2. J Hazard Mater. 2009;167(1–3):1002–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.076.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang Z, Xie T, Ning X, Liu Y, Wang J. Thermal degradation kinetics study of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheath for new and aged cables. Waste Manag. 2019;99:146–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Micoli L, Bagnasco G, Turco M. HCl removal from biogas for feeding MCFCs: adsorption on microporous materials. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2013;38(1):447–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Composition analysis and characterization of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) recovered from data cables. Waste Manag. 2017;60:100–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.033.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Goal. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals. 2023.

  7. Ouyang J, Gu W, Zheng C, Yang H, Zhang X, Jin Y, et al. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) loaded MgO-SiO2 nanofibers from sepiolite minerals for reusable CO2 capture/release applications. Appl Clay Sci. 2018;152:267–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.11.023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dutcher B, Fan M, Russell A. Amine-based CO2 capture technology development from the beginning of 2013—a review. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(4):2137–48. https://doi.org/10.1021/am507465f.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ackley M. Application of natural zeolites in the purification and separation of gases. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2003;61(1–3):25–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(03)00353-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beers A, Nijhuis T, Kapteijn F, Moulijn J. Zeolite coated structures for the acylation of aromatics. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2001;48:279–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00368-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hollander M, Wissink M, Makkee M, Moulijn J. Gasoline conversion: reactivity towards cracking with equilibrated FCC and ZSM-5 catalysts. Appl Catal A. 2002;223:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00745-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Collignon F, Poncelet G. Comparative vapor phase synthesis of ETBE from ethanol and isobutene over different acid zeolites. J Catal. 2001;202(1):68–77. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2001.3280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Perez-Ramirez J, Kapteijn F, Mul G, Moulijn J. NO-assisted N2O decomposition over Fe-based catalysts: effects of gas-phase composition and catalyst constitution. J Catal. 2002;208(1):211–23. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2002.3559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Choi S, Drese J, Jones C. Adsorbent materials for carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic point sources. Chemsuschem. 2009;2(9):796–854. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.200900036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Corma A, Fornes V, Navarro M, Perezpariente J. Acidity and stability of MCM-41 crystalline aluminosilicates. J Catal. 1994;148:569–74. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1994.1243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ogura M, Shinomiya S, Tateno J, Nara Y, Nomura M, Kikuchi E, et al. Alkali-treatment technique—New method for modification of structural and acid-catalytic properties of ZSM-5 zeolites. Appl Catal A Gen. 2001;219(1–2):33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00645-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Perez-Ramirez J, Kapteijn F, Groen J, Domenech A, Mul G, Moulijn J. Steam-activated FeMFI zeolites evolution of iron species and activity in direct N2O decomposition. J Catal. 2003;214(1):33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9517(02)00021-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Corma A, Martinez A, Martinez-Soria V. Catalytic performance of the new delaminated ITQ-2 zeolite for mild hydrocracking and aromatic hydrogenation processes. J Catal. 2001;200(2):259–69. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2001.3219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Li L, King D, Nie Z, Li X, Howard C. MgAl2O4 spinel-stabilized calcium oxide absorbents with improved durability for high-temperature CO2 capture. Energy Fuels. 2010;24(6):3698–703. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100245q.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Daoudi M, Walters J. The reaction of HCl gas with calcined commercial limestone particles: the effect of particle size. Chem Eng J. 1991;47:11–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(91)85002-D.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sun P, Grace J, Lim C, Anthony E. Determination of intrinsic rate constants of the CaO–CO2 reaction. Chem Eng Sci. 2008;63(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2007.08.055.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Daoudi M, Walters J. A thermogravimetric study of the reaction of hydrogen chloride gas with calcined limestone: determination of kinetic parameters. Chem Eng J. 1991;47:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(91)85001-C.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Karayıldırım T, Yanık J, Yüksel M, Sağlam M, Haussmann M. Degradation of PVC containing mixtures in the presence of HCl fixators. J Polym Environ. 2005;13(4):365–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-005-5531-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lu J, Borjigin S, Kumagai S, Kameda T, Saito Y, Yoshioka T. Practical dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride wastes in NaOH/ethylene glycol using an up-scale ball mill reactor and validation by discrete element method simulations. Waste Manage. 2019;99:31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.034.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lin Y. Production of valuable hydrocarbons by catalytic degradation of a mixture of post-consumer plastic waste in a fluidized-bed reactor. Polym Degrad Stab. 2009;94(11):1924–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.08.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nishibata H, Uddin M, Kato Y. Simultaneous degradation and dechlorination of poly (vinyl chloride) by a combination of superheated steam and CaO catalyst/adsorbent. Polym Degrad Stabil. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sharma R, Segato T, Delplancke M, Terryn H, Baron G, Denayer J, et al. Hydrogen chloride removal from hydrogen gas by adsorption on hydrated ion-exchanged zeolites. Chem Eng J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Guo Y, Zhao C, Li C. Thermogravimetric analysis of carbonation behaviors of several potassium-based sorbents in low concentration CO2. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2014;119(1):441–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4207-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Oliveira T, Santos M, Medeiros-Batista A, Morais-Araújo A, Conceição M, Fernandes V, et al. CaO–TiO2 bimetallic mixed oxide applied to the production of biodiesel from cotton oil (Gossypium hisutum): monitoring of the procedure by TGA. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2021;146(6):2667–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10624-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wajima T, Kuzawa K, Ishimoto H, Tamada O, Nishiyama T. The synthesis of zeolite-P, Linde Type A, and hydroxysodalite zeolites from paper sludge ash at low temperature (80 °C): Optimal ash-leaching condition for zeolite synthesis. Am Miner. 2004;89:1694–700. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-11-1215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu H, Wei G, Zhang R. Effect of water washing pre-treatment on the properties of glass-ceramics from incinerator fly ash using electronic arc furnace. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Edn. 2013;28(1):62–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-013-0641-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Oliveira A, Kaviany M. Nonequilibrium in the transport of heat and reactants in combustion in porous media. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2001;27:523–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00030-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sun Y, Yuan B, Shang S, Zhang H, Shi Y, Yu B, et al. Surface modification of ammonium polyphosphate by supramolecular assembly for enhancing fire safety properties of polypropylene. Compos Part B Eng. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kongnoo A, Tontisirin S, Worathanakul P, Phalakornkule C. Surface characteristics and CO2 adsorption capacities of acid-activated zeolite 13X prepared from palm oil mill fly ash. Fuel. 2017;193:385–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.12.087.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 52376123 and No. 52106146. The authors are indebted to Dr. Jiaqing Zhang and Dr. Yi Guo from State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute for providing the cable materials.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Yanyan Zou, Linlin Yi, Yaoqiang Li & Kaiyuan Li

  2. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue 50, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Yanyan Zou

  3. University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    Dennis Pau

Authors
  1. Yanyan Zou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dennis Pau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linlin Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yaoqiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kaiyuan Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization was done by Yanyan Zou and Dennis Pau; methodology was done by Yanyan Zou and Yaoqiang Li; formal analysis and investigation were done by Yanyan Zou and Dennis Pau; writing—original draft preparation were done by Yanyan Zou; writing—review and editing were done by Dennis Pau and Kaiyuan Li; funding acquisition was done by Linlin Yi and Kaiyuan Li; resources were done by Linlin Yi and Kaiyuan Li; supervision was done by Linlin Yi and Kaiyuan Li.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaiyuan Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 995 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zou, Y., Pau, D., Yi, L. et al. Optimizing in-situ capture of Cl and C through HCl acidification and crystal formation in PVC-based cable pyrolysis. J Therm Anal Calorim (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13216-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13216-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation