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Thermal analysis of hybrid nanofluids inside a microchannel heat exchanger for electronic cooling

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Abstract

In this paper, we address the morphology of nanoparticles in a base fluid as a variable to see how different shapes can be used to control thermal conductivity along with the types of nanoparticles. Hybrid and mono particle suspensions, including TiO2, Al2O3, and hybrid TiO2–Al2O3, have been used. Water and ethylene glycol are used as base fluids, and nanoparticles range from 0 to 4% in a volume fraction. The Nusselt number, average heat transfer, thermal resistance, pressure drop, and pumping power as a function of Reynolds number are studied for different nanofluids in microchannels. Overall performance is characterized by the analysis of pressure drop, pumping power, thermal resistance, and maximum power. Simulation results show that the thermal conductivity increases linearly with particle morphology. By adding 4% of HyNF (50% Al2O3-50% TiO2) with a morphology of n1 = 7 and n2 = 3, respectively, it results in a substantial 18.6% enhancement in thermal conductivity, compared to 12% and 10.04% enhancement for mono-nanofluids with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The type of base liquid has a negligible effect on the thermal conductivity of the same kind of nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the findings of this study provide valuable guidance for cooling microelectronic cooling components via nanofluid-based thermal management.

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Abbreviations

A bm :

Bottom area of microchannel heat sink (m2)

A c :

Front view area of microchannel (m2)

A sf :

Surface area available for heat transfer (m2)

L :

Channel length (m)

H :

Channel height (m)

H c :

Bottom plate thickness (m)

W c :

Channel width (m)

W w :

Channel wall thickness (m)

D h :

Hydraulic diameter of the fluid flow (m)

n :

Number of cooling channels

k nf :

Thermal conductivity of nanofluid (Wm−1K−1)

k f :

Thermal conductivity of fluid (Wm−1K−1)

k s :

Thermal conductivity of sink material (Wm−1K−1)

cp:

Specific heat (Jkg−1K−1)

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (Wm−2K−1)

Pr:

Prandtl number

Nu:

Nusselt number

Re:

Reynold number

U m :

Inlet velocity (ms−1)

m o :

Total mass flow rate (kg s−1)

V o :

Total volume flow rate (m3s−1)

R th :

Thermal resistance (KW−1)

Q :

Heat generation (W)

q :

Heat flux (Wcm−2)

∆T :

Temperature difference

T max :

Maximum temperature (K)

T min :

Minimum temperature (K)

T bulk :

Bulk temperature of fluid (K)

∆p :

Pressure drops inside channel (kPa)

f :

Friction factor

P p :

Pumping power

ρ :

Density (kgm−3)

µ :

Dynamic viscosity (kgm−1s−1)

η :

Fin efficiency

υ :

Kinematic viscosity (m−2s−1)

φ :

Particle volume fraction

ß :

Hybrid particle volume fraction.

n :

Shape factor of nano particles

ψ :

Sphericity of suspensions particles

bm:

Bottom

c :

Channel

f :

Fluid

in:

Inlet

s :

Solid

sf:

Surface available for heat transfer

NF:

Nanofluid

CPU:

Central processing units

HyNF:

Hybrid nanofluid

MoNF:

Mono nanofluid

MWCNT:

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

    Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ferdowsi, Mashhad, Iran

    Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi & Hamid Niazmand

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  1. Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi
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Correspondence to Ali Wadi Al-Fatlawi.

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Al-Fatlawi, A.W., Niazmand, H. Thermal analysis of hybrid nanofluids inside a microchannel heat exchanger for electronic cooling. J Therm Anal Calorim 149, 4119–4131 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-12991-2

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