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Thermal cure kinetics of cold-setting melamine–urea–formaldehyde resins with high melamine content

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Abstract

Even though cure kinetics of melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resins with low melamine contents (0–20 mass%) and high-temperature curing have been studied, research on the thermal cure kinetics of cold-setting MUF resins with relatively high melamine content (20–40 mass%) is limited. Therefore, this study reports thermal cure kinetics of cold-setting MUF resins synthesized with three melamine contents, using differential scanning calorimetry. A model-fitting method (Kissinger), three model-free kinetic methods (Friedman (FR), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS)), and a nonlinear isoconversional (or Vyazovkin) method were employed to theoretically estimate the cure kinetics of cold-setting MUF resins with high melamine content. The results of Kissinger analysis provided reliable activation energy (Ea) which was also comparable with those of isoconversional analysis. As the degree of conversion (α) increased, the activation energy (Eα) of MUF resins decreased, regardless of melamine content. However, the activation energy (Ea), isoconversional activation energy (Eα), and the peak temperature (Tp) increased as the melamine content increased. Two methods such as KAS and Vyazovkin methods were reliable in estimating their cure kinetics based on R2 values and cure kinetic parameters. Analysis of the cure kinetics showed that all melamine contents MUF resins followed an nth-order reaction (OR (n > 1)) model.

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Acknowledgements

The research was financially supported by the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute (Grant No. 2023485B10-2325-AA01).

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This study was funded by the Korea Forestry Promotion Institute, 2023485B10-2325-AA01, Byung-Dae Park.

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  1. Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

    Jaewook Lee & Byung-Dae Park

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Lee, J., Park, BD. Thermal cure kinetics of cold-setting melamine–urea–formaldehyde resins with high melamine content. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 6407–6422 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12167-4

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