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Heat transfer characteristics of automatic transmission nanofluid with twisted tape: an experimental study

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Abstract

Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is a versatile fluid used in automobiles for cooling, torque converter application, and lubrication purposes. In this paper, the effects of simultaneous utilization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and twisted tapes on heat transfer as well as pressure drop characteristics of ATF flow have been investigated experimentally. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids were measured experimentally. Moreover, different parameters effects such as nanoparticle mass concentration (0.5%, 1%, and 2%), twist ratio of tapes (10, 20), and the Reynolds number (70–640) on pressure drop and heat transfer were investigated. According to the results, an increment in nanoparticle mass concentration and the Reynolds number led to an increase in pressure drop and heat transfer. Further, both the pressure drop and heat transfer increased by decreasing the twist ratio of the tapes. The maximum increase in convective heat transfer occurred by 127% at the Re number of 262 for the nanofluid with 2% mass fraction and twisted tape 2 (with a twist ratio of 10) compared to the base fluid and plain tube. Considering both the heat transfer and pressure drop by calculation of mean energy ratio at all Reynolds numbers, the nanofluid with 1% of mass fraction along with twisted tape 2 (with mean energy ratio of 1.252) showed the best performance.

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Abbreviations

c p :

Specific heat at const. press. (J kg−1 K−1)

c v :

Specific heat at const. vol. (J kg−1 K−1)

D :

Tube diameter (m)

d :

Nanoparticle diameter (m)

ER:

Energy ratio

f :

Friction factor

g :

Gravitational acceleration (m s−2)

h :

Convective heat transfer (W m−2 K−1)

H :

Tape twist pitch (m)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

L :

Length of the tube (m)

\(\dot{{\varvec{m}}}\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

Nu:

Nusselt number

Pr:

Prandtl number

P :

Pressure (Pa)

r :

The radius of tube (m)

Re:

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature (K)

Gz:

Graetz number

\({u}_{\mathrm{m}}\) :

Average velocity (m s−1)

x :

Axial distance (m)

w :

Nanoparticle mass concentration

κ :

Boltzmann constant

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (kg m-1s-1)

ρ :

Density (kg m-3)

φ :

Nanoparticle volumetric concentration

av:

Average

b:

Bulk

bf:

Base fluid

eff:

Effective

exp:

Experimental

i:

Inlet

l:

Liquid

nf:

Nanofluid

o:

Outlet

p:

Particle

pe:

Particle equivalent

pt:

Plain tube

tw:

Twisted tape

w:

Wall

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Amin Karamati

  2. Automotive Fluids and Structures Analysis Laboratory, School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Qasemian

  3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Keshavarz

  4. Department of Agro-Technology Engineering, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Mozhgan Haddadi

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  1. Amin Karamati
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  2. Ali Qasemian
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  4. Mozhgan Haddadi
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Correspondence to Ali Qasemian.

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Karamati, A., Qasemian, A., Keshavarz, A. et al. Heat transfer characteristics of automatic transmission nanofluid with twisted tape: an experimental study. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 3751–3763 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-11950-7

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