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Hydraulic and thermal analysis of automatic transmission fluid in the presence of nano-particles and twisted tape: An experimental and numerical study

纳米颗粒和扭曲带条件下自动传动流体的液压和热分析

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Abstract

In the present study, hydraulic and thermal behavior of an automatic transmission nano-fluid (ATNF) inside a tube with a twisted tape has been investigated. The heat transfer improvement and pressure drop of transmission oil for each of case of using twisted tape and nano-particles were also examined separately and compared with each other. The CuO nano-particles were used to prepare the ATNF. The effects of different Reynolds numbers and different mass fractions of nano-particle were investigated. The results showed that applying nano-particles and twisted tape simultaneously increases both the pressure drop and Nusselt number, on average by about 53% and 76%, respectively. By using a parameter, namely thermal performance index η, the effect of increasing heat transfer and pressure drop was studied simultaneously. The heat transfer improvement predominates the pressure drop increment in all cases. It was observed that the highest thermal performance of 1.9 was obtained at Re=634 and ϕ =2%. Furthermore, regarding the increment of the Nu number, it was shown that the use of twisted tapes individually could increase the average Nu number by 41%, while the max increment arising from individual use of 2% nano-particles is 13%, so using twisted tape is a more effective-technique for this case study.

摘要

研究了带有扭曲带的管内自动传动纳米流体(ATNF)的液压和热行为。并分别对扭曲带和纳米颗粒两种情况下传动油的换热效果和压降进行了研究和比较。利用CuO 纳米颗粒制备自动传动纳米流体。研究了不同雷诺数和不同质量分数纳米粒子的影响。结果表明,同时应用纳米粒子和扭带,压降和Nu数平均增加约为53% 和76%。采用热性能指标η,同时研究了提高传热和压降的效果。在所有情况下,传热的提升比压降更明显。在Re=634 和ϕ=2% 时,观察到最高的热性能为1.9。此外,单独使用扭曲带可以使Nu数提高41%,而单独使用2% 的纳米粒子时的最大增量为13%,所以使用扭曲带更有效。

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Abbreviations

C p :

Specific heat, J·kg−1·K−1

d :

Tube diameter, m

D :

Width of twisted tape, m

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient, W·m−2·K−1

H :

length of each twisted tape turn, m

H*=H/D :

Twist ratio

k :

Thermal conductivity, W · m−1 · K−1

L :

Tube length, m

l :

Length of the twisted tape, m

Nu :

Nusselt number

Re :

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature, K

V :

Velocity, m · s−1

Δp :

pressure drop, Pa

f :

Friction factor

Pr :

Prandtl number

BaseGeom:

Base geometry (tube without twisted tape)

B.F.:

Base fluid (fluid without nan particles)

TW.:

Twisted tape

N.F.:

Nanofluid

Num.:

Numerical

temp:

Temperature

Exp.:

Experimental

ave:

Average

bf:

Base fluid

nf:

Nanofluid

p:

particle

μ :

Dynamic viscosity, Pa·s

ϕ :

Nanoparticle mass fraction, %

ρ :

Density, kg·m−3

η :

Thermal performance factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Qasemian

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Faranak Moradi, Amin Karamati & Amin Shakeri

  3. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Department, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Keshavarz

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Contributions

Ali QASEMIAN: Supervision, writing-reviewing and editing. Faranak MORADI: Investigation, methodology, numerical simulation, writing original draft. Amin KARAMATI: Experimental setup and investigation. ALI KESHAVARZ: Supervision. Amin SHAKERI: Numerical simulation, writing-editing.

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Qasemian, A., Moradi, F., Karamati, A. et al. Hydraulic and thermal analysis of automatic transmission fluid in the presence of nano-particles and twisted tape: An experimental and numerical study. J. Cent. South Univ. 28, 3404–3417 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-021-4864-x

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