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Numerical study on the thermo-hydraulic performance analysis of fly ash nanofluid

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Abstract

The heat transfer and flow characteristics of water-based fly ash nanofluid for concentrations of 0.1–1.5 vol.% that flow through a copper tube at an inlet fluid temperature of 303 K with constant heat flux boundary conditions are estimated numerically. Stability, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of fly ash nanofluid have been determined experimentally and compared with correlations available in the literature. STAR CCM + software was used to solve the governing equations using the finite volume method (FVM). Water and stable fly ash nanofluid were used as working fluids for the Reynolds number range of 4500–16,000. The Nusselt number and friction factor at 1.5% volume concentration are greater than the base fluid by 36% and 9.4%, respectively. The fly ash nanofluid showed a performance index (\(\eta\)) value of more than 1 at all concentrations undertaken, indicating that the use of fly ash nanofluid in heat transfer applications is beneficial. The highest \(\eta\) value is determined to be 1.5 approximately for a nanofluid concentration of 1.5 vol.%. The fly ash nanofluid exhibits enhanced heat transfer performance contrasted to SiO2 nanofluid. The utilization of fly ash particles for heat transfer enhancement can aid in the reduction of environmental pollution to a certain extent. Novel correlations are suggested for the estimation of fly ash nanofluid Nusselt number and friction factor.

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Abbreviations

A s :

Surface area of the tube (m2)

C p :

Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

D :

Tube diameter (m)

d p :

Nanoparticle diameter (nm)

f:

Friction factor

h:

Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

I:

Turbulent intensity

kp:

Nanoparticle thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

L :

Tube length (m)

m :

Mass (kg)

Nu :

Nusselt number

Pr :

Prandtl number

∆p :

Pressure drop (Pa)

Q :

Heat supplied (W)

q :

Heat flux (Wm−2)

Re:

Reynolds number

S :

User-defined constant

T :

Temperature (K)

T avg :

Average temperature of working fluid (K)

T i :

Inlet fluid temperature (K)

T o :

Outlet fluid temperature (K)

T S :

Surface temperature (K)

t :

Time (s)

u :

Velocity in x-direction

V :

Fluid velocity (m s−1)

v :

Velocity in y-direction

ƞ :

Performance index

μ :

Viscosity (mPa s)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

φ :

Volume concentration

ϕ :

Scalar variable

σ :

Stefan–Boltzmann Constant

Ω:

Solid angle

bf:

Base fluid

fnp:

Fly ash particle

fnf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

p:

Particle

r:

Ratio

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficients

THW:

Transient hot wire method

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Praveen Kanti

  2. Center for Energy Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    K. V. Sharma

  3. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, PO Box. 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Zafar Said

  4. Thermal Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Evangelos Bellos

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  1. Praveen Kanti
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Correspondence to Praveen Kanti.

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Kanti, P., Sharma, K.V., Said, Z. et al. Numerical study on the thermo-hydraulic performance analysis of fly ash nanofluid. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 2101–2113 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10533-0

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