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Comparative study on compatibility of graphene-based catalysts with energetic ingredients by using DSC and VST methods

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Abstract

To demonstrate the discrepancies of the international standards on compatibility evaluation for energetic additives, a comparative study on compatibility of three typical graphene-based catalysts with common energetic ingredients has been done by using DSC and VST methods. Based on some unusual findings, further suggestions are proposed on improvement in the compatibility evaluation standard. The compatibility results from DSC and VST methods for HMX/GT-Ni, HMX/GC-Cu, AP/GC-Cu, AP/GT-Ni and RDX/GC-Cu systems are contradictory. The major discrepancies between DSC and VST results are caused by combination of contradictory nature of stabilization and catalytic effects of these additives on the corresponding energetic ingredients. It has been shown that the HMX/GC-Ni, HMX/GT-Ni, AP/GT-Ni, NC/GC-Ni, NC/GT-Ni, NC/GT-Cu and NC/GA-Cu mixtures have good compatibility, and the RDX/GC-Ni, AP/GC-Ni and NC/GC-Cu mixtures have moderate compatibility. In general, the copper-based additives even under the stabilization of graphene oxide are not so compatible with nitramine oxidizers and AP. These results indicate that each of the evaluation standards on compatibility has its own feature and limitation. The DSC standard is probably not suitable for the evaluation of the compatibility of GC-Ni, GC-Cu, GT-Ni, GT-Cu and GA-Cu with energetic ingredients. The compatibility assessment cannot simply rely on the available standards, and more comprehensive evaluation procedures need to be established according to the nature of the materials evaluated.

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Abbreviations

EMs:

Energetic materials

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

VST:

Vacuum stability test

TG:

Thermogravimetric method

NC:

Nitrocellulose

HMX:

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitroamine

AP:

Ammonium perchlorate

AN:

Ammonium nitrate

RDX:

Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine

GO:

Graphene oxide

GT-Ni:

GO-TAG-Ni, TAG is triaminoguanidine

GT-Cu:

GO-TAG-Cu, TAG is triaminoguanidine

GC-Cu:

GO-CHZ-Cu, CHZ is carbohydrazide

GC-Ni:

GO-CHZ-Ni, CHZ is carbohydrazide

GA-Cu:

GO-ATRZ-Cu, ATRZ is azo-triazole

R :

The volume of incremental product gases of the mixture

V C :

The volume of product gases of the mixture

V A :

The volume of gaseous products of pure energetic components

V B :

The volume of gaseous products of contact materials

ΔT p :

The change in decomposition peak temperature

T p :

The decomposition peak temperature of materials

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Acknowledgements

This work has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 51776176) and the Fundamental Research Funds from Chinese H863 Plan with Project Code of 2018KC020167.

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Author notes

  1. Xiaofei Qi and Shuwen Chen have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-Structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

    Xiaofei Qi, Shuwen Chen, Xiaokang Liu, Peijin Liu & Qi-Long Yan

  2. Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, 710065, China

    Ning Yan

  3. School of Chemical Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China

    Bo Jin

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Qi, X., Chen, S., Liu, X. et al. Comparative study on compatibility of graphene-based catalysts with energetic ingredients by using DSC and VST methods. J Therm Anal Calorim 144, 1139–1149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09646-3

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