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Thermo-hydraulic and entropy generation analysis of recharging microchannel using water-based graphene–silver hybrid nanofluid

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Abstract

This work numerically investigates thermo-hydraulic and entropy generation characteristics of water-based graphene–silver (Gr–Ag) hybrid nanofluid with temperature-dependent properties in recharging microchannel (RMC). The thermal, hydraulic, and entropy generation characteristics in recharging microchannel are examined for different nanofluid volume concentrations and inlet velocity. The outcome of this study reveals that the utilization of Gr–Ag hybrid nanofluid in recharging microchannel enhances heat transfer performance. With an increase in both nanofluid volume concentration and fluid inlet velocity, substrate maximum temperature and thermal resistance decrease, whereas the uniformity in temperature distribution and average heat transfer coefficient enhanced. Moreover, the use of hybrid nanofluid in recharging microchannel shows higher pressure drop and requires more pumping power. Recharging microchannel (RMC) exhibits better overall performance compared to simple microchannel (SMC) with maximum performance factor value of 1.72. Further, frictional entropy generation increases, and thermal entropy generation decreases with increasing nanofluid volume concentration and inlet velocity. Both total entropy generation and Bejan number decrease with nanofluid volume concentration. Overall, the use of recharging microchannel (RMC) can be beneficial for high heat flux removal applications from both first and second law of thermodynamics perspective. Second, the utilization of water-based Gr–Ag hybrid nanofluid is beneficial when pumping power is not a constraint.

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Abbreviations

Be:

Bejan number

C p :

Specific heat (J kg−1K−1)

D h :

Hydraulic diameter (mm)

e :

Percentage error (%)

f avg :

Average friction factor

h z :

Local convective heat transfer coefficient (W m−2K−1)

h avg :

Average convective heat transfer coefficient (W m−2K−1)

H :

Substrate thickness (mm)

H c :

Channel height (mm)

H cp :

Cover plate thickness (mm)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1K−1)

k eff :

Effective thermal conductivity (W m−1K−1)

L :

Substrate length (mm)

L tw :

Transverse wall length (mm)

ṁ :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

N S :

Entropy generation enhancement number

Nuz :

Local Nusselt number

Nuavg :

Average Nusselt number

p :

Pressure (N m−2)

Δp :

Pressure drop (N m−2)

PF:

Performance factor

q″:

Applied heat flux at the substrate bottom surface (W m−2)

\(q_{\text{z}}^{\prime \prime }\) :

Local heat flux (W m−2)

R Th :

Thermal resistance (K W−1)

\(S^{\prime\prime\prime}_{\text{G,F}}\) :

Local frictional entropy generation (W m−3K−1)

\(S^{\prime\prime\prime}_{\text{G,T}}\) :

Local thermal entropy generation (W m−3K−1)

\(S^{\prime\prime\prime}_{\text{G}}\) :

Local total entropy generation (W m−3K−1)

S G,F :

Global frictional entropy generation (W K−1)

S G,T :

Global thermal entropy generation (W K−1)

S G :

Global total entropy generation (W K−1)

T :

Temperature (K)

T f :

Fluid temperature (K)

T in :

Fluid inlet temperature (K)

T max :

Maximum substrate temperature (K)

T min :

Minimum substrate temperature (K)

T s :

Solid substrate temperature (K)

T w :

Wall temperature (K)

v :

Fluid velocity at inlet (m s−1)

V̇ :

Volume flow rate (m3 s−1)

\(\overrightarrow {V}\) :

Velocity vector (m s−1)

W c :

Channel width (mm)

W :

Substrate width (mm)

z :

Axial distance along the flow direction (mm)

θ :

Cooling uniformity (Km2 W−1)

μ :

Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

ϕ :

Nanofluid volume concentration (%)

Ω :

Pumping power (W)

avg:

Average

bf:

Base fluid

bs:

Bottom surface of substrate

c:

Channel

cp:

Cover plate

f:

Working fluid

Hynf:

Hybrid nanofluid

in:

Inlet

nf:

Nanofluid

p:

Nanoparticle

s:

Solid

tw:

Transverse wall

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

FVM:

Finite volume method

GNP:

Graphene nanoplatelets

MCHS:

Microchannel heat sink

PMMA:

Poly methyl methacrylate

RMC:

Recharging microchannel

SMC:

Simple microchannel

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India

    Sangram Kumar Samal & Manoj Kumar Moharana

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  1. Sangram Kumar Samal
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Correspondence to Manoj Kumar Moharana.

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Samal, S.K., Moharana, M.K. Thermo-hydraulic and entropy generation analysis of recharging microchannel using water-based graphene–silver hybrid nanofluid. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 4131–4148 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09382-8

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