Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis of a hybrid zinc hydroxystannate/reduction graphene oxide as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant of epoxy resin

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The zinc hydroxystannate/reduction graphene oxide (ZHS/RGO) hybrid was successfully prepared through the hydrothermal route, and its structure, composition and thermal properties were confirmed by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, Raman spectra, and TG. ZHS/RGO hybrid is multilayer sandwich structure by morphological characterization. ZHS/RGO was applied to reduce fire hazards of epoxy (EP) as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant. The incorporation of 3.0 mass% ZHS/RGO provided fire-retardant properties to epoxy resin, testified by the results of cone calorimetry. The results indicated that ZHS/RGO can suppress the formation of smoke and toxic carbon monoxide as well as enhance the flame retardancy of the EP composites. The heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, and total smoke production of EP-ZHS/RGO were greatly decreased compared with the pure EP. During the combustion process, ZHS/RGO may exhibit gaseous phase effect and condensed phase effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dikin DA, Stankovich S, Zimney EJ, Piner RD, Dommett GHB, Evmenenko G. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature. 2007;448:457–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Guo JX, Saha P, Liang JF, Saha M, Grady BP. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated by multi-layer silica for improving thermal conductivity of polymer composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;113(2):467–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang X, Song L, Yang HY, Lu HD, Hu Y. Synergistic effect of graphene on antidripping and fire resistance of intumescent flame retardant poly(butylene succinate) composites. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2011;50:5376–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bao X, Cai XF. Synergistic effect of methyl phenyl silicone resin and DOPO on the flame retardancy of epoxy resins. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2014;118:369–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Prolongo MG, Salom C, Arribas C, Masegosa RM. Influence of graphene nanoplatelets on curing and mechanical properties of graphene/epoxy nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;110:475–87.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Thomas R, Durix S, Sinturel C, Omonov T, Goossens S, Groeninckx G, Moldenaers P, Thomas S. Cure kinetics, morphology and miscibility of modified DGEBA-based epoxy resin: effects of a liquid rubber inclusion. Polymer. 2007;48:1695–710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Song PA, Zhu Y, Tong LF, Fang ZP. C-60 reduces the flammability of polypropylene nanocomposites by in situ forming a gelled-ball network. Nanotechnology. 2008;19:22–34.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Beyer G. Short communication: carbon nanotubes as flame retardants for polymers. Fire Mater. 2002;26:291–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cusack PA, Heer MS, Monk AW. Zinc hydroxystannate as an alternative synergist to antimony trioxide in polyester resins containing halogenated flame retardants. Polym Degrad Stab. 1997;58:229–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hummers WS, Offeman RE. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc. 1958;80:1339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhang H, Lv XJ, Li YM, Wang Y, Li JH. P25-graphene composite as a high performance photocatalyst. ACS Nano. 2010;4:380–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fan XB, Peng WC, Li Y, Li XY, Wang SL, Zhang GL, Zhang FB. Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: a green route to graphene preparation. Adv Mater. 2008;20:4490–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y, Wu Y, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon. 2007;45:1558–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhong SL, Xu R, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang LF. CuSn(OH)6 sub microspheres: room-temperature synthesis, growth mechanism, and weak antiferromagnetic behavior. Mater Res Bull. 2011;46:2385–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hontoria-Lucas C, Lopez-Peinado AJ, López-González JD, Rojas-Cervantes ML, Martín-Aranda RM. Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: physical and chemical characterization. Carbon. 1995;33:1585–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Velu S, Suzuki K, Okazaki M, Osaki T, Tomura S, Ohashi F. Synthesis of new Sn-incorporated layered double hydroxides and their thermal evolution to mixed oxides. Chem Mater. 1999;11:2163–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dang TT, Pham VH, Hur SH, Kim EJ, Kong BS, Chung JS. Superior dispersion of highly reduced graphene oxide in N,N-dimethylformamide. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2012;376:91–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pham VH, Dang TT, Cuong TV, Hur SH, Kong BS, Kim EJ, Chung JK. Synthesis of highly concentrated suspension of chemically converted graphene in organic solvents: effect of temperature on the extent of reduction and dispersibility. Korean J Chem Eng. 2012;29:680–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, Zhang H, Shepperd K, Hicks J, Sprinkle M, Berger C, Lau CN, deHeer WA, Conrad EH, Haddon RC. Spectroscopy of covalently functionalized graphene. Nano Letter. 2010;10:4061–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang GX, Yang J, Park J, Gou XL, Wang B, Liu H. Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets. J Phys Chem C. 2008;112:8192–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim J, Lee JH, Kim S. Estimating the fire behavior of wood flooring using a cone calorimeter. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;110:677–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Xu Q, Majlingova A, Zachar M, Jin C, Jiang Y. Correlation analysis of cone calorimetry test data assessment of the procedure with tests of different polymers. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;110:65–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tsai KC, Kuan CF, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Hsu SW, Lee FM, Chiang CL. Study on thermal degradation and flame retardant property of halogen-free polypropylene composites using XPS and cone calorimeter. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;127:1084–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bao CL, Song L, Xing WY, Yuan BH, Wilkie C, Huang A, Guo JL, Hu Y. Preparation of graphene by pressurized oxidation and multiplex reduction and its polymer nanocomposites by masterbatch-based melt blending. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:6088–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feng J, Hao J, Du J, Yang R. Using TGA/FTIR TGA/MS and cone calorimetry to understand thermal degradation and flame retardancy mechanism of polycarbonate filled with solid bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) and montmorillonite. Polym Degrad Stab. 2012;97:605–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21306035 and 21276059) and the Key Basic Research Project of Hebei Province (No. 16961402D).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Analysis Science and Technology, Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi East Road, Baoding, 071002, China

    Xiaowei Liu, Yanxia Qi, Hongqiang Qu & Jianzhong Xu

  2. College of Science, Agriculture University of Hebei, No. 289 Lingyusi Road, Baoding, 071000, China

    Weihong Wu

Authors
  1. Xiaowei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Weihong Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yanxia Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hongqiang Qu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jianzhong Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hongqiang Qu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, X., Wu, W., Qi, Y. et al. Synthesis of a hybrid zinc hydroxystannate/reduction graphene oxide as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant of epoxy resin. J Therm Anal Calorim 126, 553–559 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5516-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5516-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation