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Investigation of structural, morphological, and optical properties of (Ni/Co, Fe/Co, and Fe/Ni) co-doped ZnO thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique

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Abstract

In this study, undoped and (Ni/Co, Fe/Co, Fe/Ni) co-doped ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by a low-cost sol-gel spin coating technique. The effect of Ni/Co, Fe/Co, Fe/Ni co-doping on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO thin films was investigated. All films exhibited hexagonal wurtzite nanocrystalline structures with a preferred orientation in the (0 0 2) plane. The crystallite size was found to decrease upon co-doping ranging from 34.4 to 30.2 nm. Raman spectra confirmed the incorporation of all doped ions into ZnO lattice. The morphological analysis of all samples revealed a smooth and crack-free surface, with an average particle size distribution ranging from 50 to 70 nm. All prepared samples showed high transparency in the visible region (~90%) and optical band gap values ranging from 3.263 eV to 3.275 eV, with a high band gap energy of 3.275 eV for the Fe/Co co-doped ZnO thin films. The PL spectra of co-doped samples exhibited a relatively similar features of emission spectra, in both ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions except for Fe/Co-ZnO presented a quenching of visible emission. The systematic investigation into the possible mechanisms underlying defect luminescence in each sample revealed that co-doping with Fe/Ni and Ni/Co lead to a slight increase in the abundance of Oi in the ZnO film. The examination of the chromaticity color coordinates showed that only co-doping with Fe/Co induces a shift to a different color region on the CIE chromaticity diagram. The properties of prepared ZnO thin films demonstrated their suitability for light-emitting and optoelectronic applications.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • Undoped and (Ni/Co, Fe/Co, Fe/Ni) co-doped ZnO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by a low-cost sol-gel spin coating technique.

  • The structure, surface morphology, transmittance, and photoluminescence were studied in detail.

  • X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of nanocrystalline thin films highly oriented along the c-axis in the (002) plane with a pure hexagonal wurtzite structure.

  • SEM micrographs revealed a granular surface that was free of cracks and had a homogeneous distribution of particles with an average particle size between 50 and 70 nm.

  • All prepared samples showed high transparency in the visible region (~90%) and optical band gap values ranging from 3.263 eV to 3.275 eV.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the General Directorate for Scientific Research and Technological Development (Algerian Ministry of Higher Education).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia, Jijel, Algeria

    M. Ayachi & F. Ayad

  2. Centre de Recherche en Technologie des Semi-Conducteurs pour l’Energétique ‘CRTSE’ 02 Bd Frantz Fanon. BP 140. 7 Merveilles, Alger, Algeria

    M. Ayachi, A. Djelloul, S. Sali, S. Anas, L. Benharrat, L. Zougar & S. Kermadi

  3. Laboratory of Materials (LABMAT), National Polytechnique School of Oran Maurice Audin (ENPO-MA), Oran Mnaouar, BP 1523, Oran, Algeria

    M. Guezzoul

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  1. M. Ayachi
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Materials preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by M.A., F.A., A.D., S.S., S.A., M.G., L.B., L.Z., S.K. The first draft of the manuscript was written by M.A., A.D., and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript in its current form.

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Ayachi, M., Ayad, F., Djelloul, A. et al. Investigation of structural, morphological, and optical properties of (Ni/Co, Fe/Co, and Fe/Ni) co-doped ZnO thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06376-y

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