Abstract
Harvesting mechanical energy with a flexible and weightless device for self-power electronics has attracted many interests, nowadays. Hybrid nanogenerators by combining different power generating techniques enhance the performance of nanogenerators. Zinc oxide as a non-toxic ceramic has significant piezoelectric properties. In this paper, piezo/triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators based on three different shapes of ZnO nanoparticles are fabricated. The impact of the ellipse, rod, and pyramid-shaped ZnO particles encapsulated in PDMS matrix on the hybrid nanogenerators performance is investigated. XRD analysis shows pyramid-shaped ZnO particles have more crystals in the c-axis direction which is the piezoelectric effect direction in ZnO material. SEM results show the average size of particles from biggest to the smallest is rod, pyramid, and ellipse shapes, respectively. The maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are obtained from the pyramid and ellipse-shaped ZnO particle/PDMS composite hybrid nanogenerators with the value of 161 V and 29.8 μA, respectively. The maximum power density of the ellipse, rod, and pyramid-shaped ZnO particle/ PDMS composite-based hybrid nanogenerators is about 1.04, 0.75, and 0.6 Wm−2, respectively, occurred at 10 MΩ load resistance. In addition, different capacitors are charged by proposed nanogenerators demonstrating the PDMS embedded pyramid-shaped ZnO particles nanogenerator produced greater voltages in the capacitances. Consequently, the hybrid nanogenerators based on the ellipse and pyramid-shaped ZnO particle/ PDMS composites have better performances due to the structure and morphology properties of piezoelectric ZnO particles and can be utilized for the power source of milliwatt flexible portable devices.
Graphical Abstract
Highlights
-
Harvesting mechanical energy device for self-power electronics has attracted many interests.
-
The impact of three different shapes of ZnO particles encapsulated in the PDMS matrix on the performance of piezo/triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators was investigated.
-
Results demonstrated the maximum current and voltage values occurred in 2.5 wt.% wight ratio of ZnO particles in the PDMS matrix.
-
The maximum voltages obtained from HNGs based on the ellipse, rod, and pyramid-shaped ZnO particles were about 11.95, 10.6 and 16.1V.
-
The maximum power density under load resistance generated by the ellipse, rod, and pyramid-shaped ZnO particle composite-based HNGs was about 1.04, 0.75, and 0.6 Wm-2, respectively at 10 MΩ.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kaltschmitt M, Streicher W, Wiese A (2007) Renewable energy: technology, economics and environment. Springer Science & Business Media
Panwar NL, Kaushik SC, Kothari S (2011) Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renew Sustain energy Rev 15(3):1513–1524
Sen S, Ganguly S (2017) Opportunities, barriers and issues with renewable energy development–A discussion. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 69:1170–1181
Philibert C (2017) Renewable energy for industry. International Energy Agency, Paris
Mahapatra B, Patel KK, Patel PK (2021) A review on recent advancement in materials for piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators. Mater Today: Proc 46:5523–5529
Zhang Y, Gao X, Wu Y, Gui J, Guo S, Zheng H, Wang ZL (2021) Self‐powered technology based on nanogenerators for biomedical applications. Wiley Online Library, pp 90–114
Qiu C, Wu F, Shi Q, Lee C, Yuce MR (2019) Sensors and control interface methods based on triboelectric nanogenerator in IoT applications. IEEE Access 7:92745–92757
Liu L, Shi Q, Ho JS, Lee C (2019) Study of thin film blue energy harvester based on triboelectric nanogenerator and seashore IoT applications. Nano Energy 66:104167
He Q, Li X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Briscoe J (2021) P–N junction-based ZnO wearable textile nanogenerator for biomechanical energy harvesting. Nano Energy 85:105938
Pu X, Liu M, Chen X, Sun J, Du C, Zhang Y, Zhai J, Hu W, Wang ZL (2017) Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing. Sci Adv 3(5):e1700015
Xie M, Hisano K, Zhu M, Toyoshi T, Pan M, Okada S, Tsutsumi O, Kawamura S, Bowen C (2019) Flexible multifunctional sensors for wearable and robotic applications. Adv Mater Technol 4(3):1800626
Shi Q, He T, Lee C (2019) More than energy harvesting–Combining triboelectric nanogenerator and flexible electronics technology for enabling novel micro-/nano-systems. Nano Energy 57:851–871
Stadlober B, Zirkl M, Irimia-Vladu M (2019) Route towards sustainable smart sensors: ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride-based materials and their integration in flexible electronics. Chem Soc Rev 48(6):1787–1825
Choi Y-M, Lee MG, Jeon Y (2017) Wearable biomechanical energy harvesting technologies. Energies 10(10):1483
Sezer N, Koç M (2021) A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Nano Energy 80:105567
Kim DH, Dudem B, Yu JS (2018) High-performance flexible piezoelectric-assisted triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator via polydimethylsiloxane-encapsulated nanoflower-like ZnO composite films for scavenging energy from daily human activities. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(7):8525–8535
Zhang X, Si Y, Mo J, Guo Z (2017) Robust micro-nanoscale flowerlike ZnO/epoxy resin superhydrophobic coating with rapid healing ability. Chem Eng J 313:1152–1159
Zhao Z, Dai Y, Dou SX, Liang J (2021) Flexible nanogenerators for wearable electronic applications based on piezoelectric materials. Mater Today Energy 20:100690
Singh HH, Kumar D, Khare N (2021) A synchronous piezoelectric–triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator for harvesting vibration energy. Sustain Energy Fuels 5(1):212–218
Yang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Jing Q, Zhou YS, Wen X, Wang ZL (2013) Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system. Acs Nano 7(8):7342–7351
Xi Y, Guo H, Zi Y, Li X, Wang J, Deng J, Li S, Hu C, Cao X, Wang ZL (2017) Multifunctional TENG for blue energy scavenging and self‐powered wind‐speed sensor. Adv Energy Mater 7(12):1602397
Feng Y, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Wang D, Zhou F, Liu W (2019) Leaves based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and TENG tree for wind energy harvesting. Nano Energy 55:260–268
Wang Y, Yang E, Chen T, Wang J, Hu Z, Mi J, Pan X, Xu M (2020) A novel humidity resisting and wind direction adapting flag-type triboelectric nanogenerator for wind energy harvesting and speed sensing. Nano Energy 78:105279
Wu H, Wang Z, Zi Y (2021) Multi‐mode water‐tube‐based triboelectric nanogenerator designed for low‐frequency energy harvesting with ultrahigh volumetric charge density. Adv Energy Mater 11(16):2100038
Wang J, Jiang Z, Sun W, Xu X, Han Q, Chu F (2022) Yoyo-ball inspired triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy. Appl Energy 308:118322
Yun Y, La M, Cho S, Jang S, Choi JH, Ra Y, Kam D, Park SJ, Choi D (2021) High quality electret based triboelectric nanogenerator for boosted and reliable electrical output performance. Int J Precis Eng Manuf-Green Technol 8(1):125–137
Cho S, Yun Y, Jang S, Ra Y, Choi JH, Hwang HJ, Choi D, Choi D (2020) Universal biomechanical energy harvesting from joint movements using a direction-switchable triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 71:104584
Fan F-R, Tian Z-Q, Wang ZL (2012) Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano energy 1(2):328–334
Li S, Wang J, Peng W, Lin L, Zi Y, Wang S, Zhang G, Wang ZL (2017) Sustainable energy source for wearable electronics based on multilayer elastomeric triboelectric nanogenerators. Advanced Energy. Materials 7(13):1602832
Bairagi S, Ali SW (2020) Investigating the role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the piezoelectric performance of a PVDF/KNN-based electrospun nanogenerator. Soft Matter 16(20):4876–4886
Xu Z, Jin C, Cabe A, Escobedo D, Hao N, Trase I, Closson AB, Dong L, Nie Y, Elliott J (2020) Flexible energy harvester on a pacemaker lead using multibeam piezoelectric composite thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(30):34170–34179
Shi K, Huang X, Sun B, Wu Z, He J, Jiang P (2019) Cellulose/BaTiO3 aerogel paper based flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators and the electric coupling with triboelectricity. Nano Energy 57:450–458
Zhou H, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Wu H, Qin W, Liao Y, Yu Q, Cheng H (2020) Stretchable piezoelectric energy harvesters and self-powered sensors for wearable and implantable devices. Biosens Bioelectron 168:112569
Liu H, Lin X, Zhang S, Huan Y, Huang S, Cheng X (2020) Enhanced performance of piezoelectric composite nanogenerator based on gradient porous PZT ceramic structure for energy harvesting. J Mater Chem A 8(37):19631–19640
Bafghi ZG, Manavizadeh N (2020) Low power ZnO nanorod-based ultraviolet photodetector: Effect of alcoholic growth precursor. Opt Laser Technol 129:106310
Tsai SY, Chen CC, Huang J-M, Lai Y-S, Ku C-S, Lin C-M, Ko F-H (2021) Piezo-enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Highly Preferred c-Axis ZnO Nanocrystal Films: Implications for Energy Harvesting. ACS Appl Nano Mater 4(9):9430–9439
Chowdhury AR, Abdullah AM, Hussain I, Lopez J, Cantu D, Gupta SK, Mao Y, Danti S, Uddin MJ (2019) Lithium doped zinc oxide based flexible piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator. Nano Energy 61:327–336
Cao X, Xiong Y, Sun J, Zhu X, Sun Q, Wang ZL (2021) Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Derived Self‐Powered Sensors for Multifunctional Applications and Artificial Intelligence. Adv Funct Mater 31(33):2102983
Yang Y, Pan H, Xie G, Jiang Y, Chen C, Su Y, Wang Y, Tai H (2020) Flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor based on polydopamine-modified BaTiO3/PVDF composite film for human motion monitoring. Sens Actuators A: Phys 301:111789
Rezaie S, Bafghi ZG, Manavizadeh N, Kordmahale SB (2021) Highly Sensitive Detection of Dissolved Gases in Transformer Oil With Carbon-Doped ZnO Nanotube: A DFT Study. IEEE Sens J 22(1):82–89
Le AT, Ahmadipour M, Pung S-Y (2020) A review on ZnO-based piezoelectric nanogenerators: Synthesis, characterization techniques, performance enhancement and applications. J Alloy Compd 844:156172
Ma J, Ren J, Jia Y, Wu Z, Chen L, Haugen NO, Huang H, Liu Y (2019) High efficiency bi-harvesting light/vibration energy using piezoelectric zinc oxide nanorods for dye decomposition. Nano Energy 62:376–383
Farajollahi H, Bafghi ZG, Mohammadi E, Manavizadeh N, Salehi A (2020) Sensitivity enhancement of AZO-based ethanol sensor decorated by Au nano-islands. Curr Appl Phys 20(8):917–924
Rao J, Chen Z, Zhao D, Yin Y, Wang X, Yi F (2019) Recent progress in self-powered skin sensors. Sensors 19(12):2763
Afshari F, Golshan Bafghi Z, Manavizadeh N (2022) Unsophisticated one-step synthesis super hydrophilic self-cleaning coating based on ZnO nanosheets. Appl Phys A 128(1):1–9
Hamid HMA, Çelik-Butler Z (2018) Characterization and performance analysis of Li-doped ZnO nanowire as a nano-sensor and nano-energy harvesting element. Nano Energy 50:159–168
Hao N, Xu Z, Nie Y, Jin C, Closson AB, Zhang M, Zhang JXJ (2019) Microfluidics-enabled rational design of ZnO micro-/nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalysis, cytotoxicity, and piezoelectric properties. Chem Eng J 378:122222
Zhang X, Le M-Q, Zahhaf O, Capsal J-F, Cottinet P-J, Petit L (2020) Enhancing dielectric and piezoelectric properties of micro-ZnO/PDMS composite-based dielectrophoresis. Mater Des 192:108783
Qian Y, Kang DJ (2018) Poly (dimethylsiloxane)/ZnO nanoflakes/three-dimensional graphene heterostructures for high-performance flexible energy harvesters with simultaneous piezoelectric and triboelectric generation. ACS Appl Mater interfaces 10(38):32281–32288
Shakthivel D, Dahiya AS, Mukherjee R, Dahiya R (2021) Inorganic semiconducting nanowires for green energy solutions. Curr Opin Chem Eng 34:100753
Wang J, Qian S, Yu J, Zhang Q, Yuan Z, Sang S, Zhou X, Sun L (2019) Flexible and wearable PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered tactile sensing. Nanomaterials 9(9):1304
Parida K, Thangavel G, Cai G, Zhou X, Park S, Xiong J, Lee PS (2019) Extremely stretchable and self-healing conductor based on thermoplastic elastomer for all-three-dimensional printed triboelectric nanogenerator. Nat Commun 10(1):1–9
Dong K, Peng X, Wang ZL (2020) Fiber/fabric‐based piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible/stretchable and wearable electronics and artificial intelligence. Adv Mater 32(5):1902549
Kannan JA, Balasubramanian K (2020) Thermally influenced, optical and fluorescence properties of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles for glutathione sensing. Appl Phys A 126(8):1–11
Markova-Velichkova M, Veleva S, Tumbalev V, Stoyanov L, Nihtianova D, Mladenov M, Raicheff R, Kovacheva D (2013) XRD and TEM characterization of the morphology of ZnO powders prepared by different methods. Bulg Chem Commun 45(4):427–433
Wang X, Yang B, Liu J, Yang C (2017) A transparent and biocompatible single-friction-surface triboelectric and piezoelectric generator and body movement sensor. J Mater Chem A 5(3):1176–1183
Nourafkan M, Mohammadi E, Manavizadeh N (2019) Influence of the ZnO nanostructures shape on piezoelectric energy harvesters performance. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 66(11):4989–4996
Yang T, Pan H, Tian G, Zhang B, Xiong D, Gao Y, Yan C, Chu X, Chen N, Zhong S (2020) Hierarchically structured PVDF/ZnO core-shell nanofibers for self-powered physiological monitoring electronics. Nano Energy 72:104706
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Paydari, P., Manavizadeh, N., Hadi, A. et al. The morphology effect of embedded ZnO particles-based composite on flexible hybrid piezoelectric triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting biomechanical energy. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 105, 337–347 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-06019-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-06019-0