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Regenerated cellulose sponge as sacrificial template for the synthesis of three-dimensional porous alumina-silica scaffold for tissue engineering

  • Original Paper: Sol-gel and hybrid materials for biological and health (medical) applications
  • Published:
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tissue engineering has emerged as a multidisciplinary field that aims to improve health and quality of life by restoring functions of tissues and organs. Cells and scaffolds are the two major components of tissue engineering. Scaffolds act as a support for cells, thus facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, morphogenesis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. Since three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds can better simulate the native 3D architecture of in vivo systems than conventional 2D cultures, they are more appropriate to support tissue regeneration. This study aimed to use regenerated cellulose sponge (RCS) as sacrificial template for the synthesis of three-dimensional porous alumina-silica scaffold (ASS). RCS was coated with boehmite-GPTS (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane) solution and dried at 60 °C for 12 h. The coated RCS was converted into porous alumina-silica scaffold via thermal treatment at 500 °C for 4 h in air. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared (FT‐IR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) aluminum-27 and silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The MTT metabolism assays were used to evaluate indirectly cytocompatibility and cell proliferation using MCT3T3-E1, HDFa and HaCaT cells. The biological in vitro assays demonstrated that only RCS exhibited toxicity toward HDFa cells, although this behavior has been shown questionable once other studies have reported the non-cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic potential of RCS. We believe that tests including clonogenic and mutagenic assays should be performed using HDFa cells in contact with RCS-derived extract in order to further investigate this behavior. The sponge materials have demonstrated different growth rate and adhesion to three different cell lines evaluated. Therefore, the employed sacrificial template approach presents as a viable alternative to produce 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract

Schematic illustration of the synthesis of alumina-silica scaffold using regenerated cellulose sponge as sacrificial template.

Highlights

  • Regenerated cellulose is a useful sacrificial template to produce porous materials.

  • Thermal treatment at 500 °C converts boehmite-GPTS into alumina-silica matrix.

  • Inorganic-organic hybrid (IOH) scaffold composed of regenerated cellulose coated with boehmite-GPTS are non-cytotoxic to MCT3T3-E1, HDFa and HaCaT cells, and have provided good adhesion for HDFa and HaCaT cells.

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Acknowledgements

HSB gratefully acknowledges TA Instruments Brazil and the National Institute of Photonics (INFo).

Funding

This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001, and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Process 2016/11670-5). Scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico (CNPq) was awarded to CCA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Araraquara—UNIARA, Rua Carlos Gomes 1217, Araraquara, SP, 14801-340, Brazil

    Amanda Maria Claro, Marina de Lima Fontes, Gustavo Claro Monteiro, Gustavo Senra Gonçalves de Carvalho & Hernane S. Barud

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil

    Caroline Cássia Alves, Euzane Gomes da Rocha & José Maurício Almeida Caiut

  3. The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences—FCF, Department of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, KM 01, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

    Kelvin Sousa dos Santos & Andrei Moroz

  4. Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil

    Sidney José Lima Ribeiro

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  1. Amanda Maria Claro
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  2. Caroline Cássia Alves
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  4. Euzane Gomes da Rocha
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  11. Hernane S. Barud
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Correspondence to Hernane S. Barud.

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Claro, A.M., Alves, C.C., dos Santos, K.S. et al. Regenerated cellulose sponge as sacrificial template for the synthesis of three-dimensional porous alumina-silica scaffold for tissue engineering. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 107, 83–95 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05990-y

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