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Synthesis and suitability characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from Citrus x sinensis sweet orange peel fruit waste-based biomass for polymer composite applications

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Abstract

Presently, waste management is the primary focus of scientific inquiry. The recyclable and reusable organic waste are dumbed a lot as landfills in the environment and that could be converted into application-oriented polymer reinforcing material. Cellulose is a widespread biopolymer that is found in the majority of bio waste materials. The organic waste Citrus x sinensis peel (Citrus × aurantium f. aurantium) is used as a raw material in this research. The waste material was utilized to extract the cellulose using optimum chemical conditions such as alkali treatment, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching and purification process. Fourier transform spectroscopy was applied to the cellulose to detect the functional groups it contained and indicated progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. The cellulose that was extracted has a yield percentage of 67.82% and a density of 1.413 g/cm3. The differential scanning curve analysis reveals that the temperature of degradation is 308.17 °C. Through the utilisation of thermogravimetric analysis, each phase of thermal activity was studied. According to an X-ray diffraction investigation, cellulose has a crystalline size of 9.63 nm and a higher crystallinity index of 72.54 percent exhibiting unique physicochemical properties. The Scanning electron microscopy shows the different size and shape of particles oriented with rough surface. Using ImageJ software, the other distinguishing characteristics of surface morphology, and particle size analysis are performed. The elemental analysis demonstrates the cellulose's organic nature by demonstrating its higher carbon and oxygen content. On the basis of the physicochemical characteristics of the celluloses, it could be considered as alternative sources of cellulose for potential value-added industrial applications and more applicable for the polymer composite reinforcement filler material.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia, for supporting and funding this research work through Grand No. IMSIU-RG23050.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia, for supporting and funding this research work through Grand No. IMSIU-RG23050.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 11432, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Murugesan Palaniappan, Rashid Khan & Nashmi H.Alrasheedi

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, P T R College of Engineering & Technology, Thanapandiyan Nagar, Austinpatti, Madurai-Tirumangalam Road, Madurai, 625008, Tamilnadu, India

    Sivasubramanian Palanisamy

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 11432, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Srinivas Tadepalli

  4. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    Thulasi mani Murugesan

  5. School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy

    Carlo Santulli

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  1. Murugesan Palaniappan
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Murugesan Palaniappan and Srinivas Tadepalli: Conducted all the experimental works and written original manuscript. All other Authors: Supported for data analysis and review the final draft.

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Palaniappan, M., Palanisamy, S., Khan, R. et al. Synthesis and suitability characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from Citrus x sinensis sweet orange peel fruit waste-based biomass for polymer composite applications. J Polym Res 31, 105 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-03946-0

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