Abstract
We present herein the synthesis and structural characterization of a novel, recyclable and microwave stable polymeric reagent prepared by anchoring bromoderivative of oxazolidone into the 3D matrix of divinylbenzene crosslinked polystyrene and its application for the bromination of alkenes, activated aromatic compounds and for the α-halogenation of ketones under microwave irradiation. The advantages of this protocol include a simple workup procedure, high product yield, shorter reaction time as well as solvent-free reaction pathway. Besides, this new resin was stable under standard laboratory conditions and can be kept for several months without any significant loss of activity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Saikia I, Borah AJ, Phukan P (2016) Use of bromine and Bromo-organic compounds in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 116(12):6837–7042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00400
Smith K (1995) Advances in Organobromine chemistry II. Elsevier, New York, pp 4–64
Vanotterlo W (2004) Unforeseen formation of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde by bromination of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 45:5091–5094. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(04)01010-x
El-Hamshary H, Selim AI, Salahuddin NA, Mandour HS (2015) Clay-polymer Nanocomposite-supported brominating agent. Clay Clay Miner 63(4):328–336. https://doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2015.0630406
Rogers JV, Price JA, Wendling MQS, Perry MR, Reid FM, Kiser RC, Graham JS (2011) An assessment of transcriptional changes in porcine skin exposed to bromine vapor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25(4):252–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.20383
Narender N, Krishna Mohan KV, Reddy RV, Srinivasu P, Kulkarni S, Raghavan K (2003) Liquid phase bromination of phenols using potassium bromide and hydrogen peroxide over zeolites. J Mol Catal A Chem 192(1–2):73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(02)00131-0
Tajik H, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I, Albadi J (2007) Bromination of some aromatic compounds with potassium bromide in the presence of Benzyltriphenylphosphonium Peroxodisulfate. Synth Commun 37(2):323–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/00397910601033906
Adibi H, Hajipour AR, Hashemi M (2007) A convenient and regioselective oxidative bromination of electron-rich aromatic rings using potassium bromide and benzyltriphenylphosphonium peroxymonosulfate under nearly neutral reaction conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 48(7):1255–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.033
Stropnik T, Bombek S, Kočevar M, Polanc S (2008) Regioselective bromination of activated aromatic substrates with a ZrBr4/diazene mixture. Tetrahedron Lett 49(11):1729–1733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.07
Khansole SV, Patwari SB, Vibhute AY, Vibhute B (2009) Isoquinolinium bromochromate: an efficient and stable reagent for bromination of hydroxylated aromatic compounds and oxidation of alcohols. Chin Chem Lett 20(3):256–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2008.11.015
Borikar SP, Daniel T, Paul V (2009) An efficient, rapid, and regioselective bromination of anilines and phenols with 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tribromide as a new reagent/solvent under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Letters 50(9):1007–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.053
Zupan M, Segatin N (1994) Bromination of organic molecules with polymer-supported bromine complexes. Synthetic Communications: An International Journal for Rapid Communication of Synthetic Organic Chemistry 24(18):2617–2626. https://doi.org/10.1080/00397919408010574
Lakouraj MM, Tajbakhsh M, Mokhtary M (2005) Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-bromide complex; a mild and efficient reagent for selective Bromination of alkenes and oxidation of alcohols. J Chem Res 8:481–483. https://doi.org/10.3184/030823405774663246
Koshy EP, Zacharias J, Rajasekharan Pillai VN (2006) Poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)-hydrotribromide: a new gel type resin for alcohol oxidation ad alkene dibromination. Reactive & Functional Polymers 66(8):845–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.11.0
Mokhtary M, Lakouraj MM (2011) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone–bromine complex: mild and efficient polymeric reagent for bromination of activated aromatic compounds. Chin Chem Lett 22(1):13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2010.06.002
Mokhtary M, Lakouraj MM (2012) Polyvinylpyrrolidone-bromine complex: an efficient polymeric reagent for selective preparation of benzyl bromides in the presence of hexamethyldisilane. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 26(2):305–309. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v26i2.14
Mokhtary M (2018) Recent advances in synthetic applications of polyvinyl pyrrolidone supported reagents and catalysts. Academic Journal of Polymer Science 2(1):555580. https://doi.org/10.19080/AJOP.2018.02.555580
Hodge P (1997) Polymer-supported organic reactions: what takes place in the beads? Chem Soc Rev 26:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1039/CS9972600417
Trost BM, Warner RW (1982) Macrocyclization via an isomerization reaction at high concentrations promoted by palladium templates. J Am Chem Soc 104(22):6112–6114. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00386a045
Trost BM, Keinan E (1978) Steric steering with supported palladium catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 100(24):7779–7781. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00492a084
Shuttleworth SJ, Allin SM, Wilson RD, Nasturica D (2000) Functionalised polymers in organic chemistry; part 2. Synthesis 8:1035–1074. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-6310
McNamara CA, Dixon MJ, Bradley M (2002) Recoverable catalysts and reagents using recyclable polystyrene-based supports. Chem Rev 102:3275–3300. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0103571
Hajjami M, Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Norouzi M (2012) An efficient and facile procedure for synthesis of acetates from alcohols catalyzed by poly(4-vinylpyridinium tribromide). Chin J Catal 33(9–10):1661–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60441-5
Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Azadi G (2011) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone-supported hydrogen peroxide (PVP-H2O2), silica sulfuric acid and catalytic amounts of ammonium bromide as green, mild and metal-free oxidizing media for the efficient oxidation of alcohols and sulphides. J Iran Chem Soc 8(4):1082–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03246566
Ghorbani-choghamarani A, Pourbahar N (2012) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidoniume Tribromide as an efficient catalyst for the acetylation of alcohols and phenols. Chin J Catal 33(9–10):1470–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60428-2
Veerakumar P, Lu ZZ, Velayudham M, Lu KL, Rajagopal S (2010) Alumina supported nanoruthenium as efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the selective H2O2 oxidation ofaliphatic and aromatic sulfides to sulfoxides. Journal of Molecular catalysis A: Chemical 332:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2010.09.008
Akelah A (1988) The use of functionalised polymers as polymeric reagents in solid phase organic synthesis- a review. Reactive Polvmers, Ion Exchangers, Sorbents 8(3):273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6989(88)90303-0
Takemoto K, Inaki Y, Ottenbrite RM (1987) Functional monomers and polymers Dekker, N Y: 1–100
Thomas JM (1999) Design, synthesis, and in situ characterization of new solid catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 38(24):3588–3628. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19991216)38:24<3588::aid-anie3588>3.0.co;2-4
De la Hoz A, Loupy A (2013) Microwaves in organic synthesis3rd edn. Wiley, Weinheim, Germany
Jaśkowska J, Drabczyk A, Kułaga D, Zaręba P, Majka Z (2018) Solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of aripiprazole. Current Chemistry Letters 7(3):81–86. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2018.08.002
Ramírez JR, Caballero R, Guerra J, Ruiz-Carretero A, Sánchez-Migallón A, de la Hoz A (2015) Solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of 2, 5-Dimethoxyphenylaminotriazines. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(12):3405–3411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b0113
Kamil F, Abid Hubeatir K, Shamel M, Al-Amiery AA (2015) Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of new polyimine. Cogent Chemistry 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23312009.2015.1075853
Patel JP, Avalani JR, Raval DK (2013) Polymer supported sulphanilic acid: a highly efficient and recyclable green heterogeneous catalyst for the construction of 4,5-dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromenes under solvent-free conditions. J Chem Sci 125(3):531–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12039-013-0408-8
De la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortis A, Moreno A, Langa F (2000) Cycloadditions under microwave irradiation conditions: methods and applications. Eur J Org Chem 2000(22):3659–3673. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0690(200011)2000:22<3659::aid-ejoc3659>3.0.co;2-0
Subodh G, Deepu V, Mohanan P, Sebastian MT (2009) Polystyrene/Sr2Ce2Ti5O15composites with low dielectric loss for microwave substrate applications. Polym Eng Sci 49(6):1218–1224. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21220
O’Keefe S, Luscombe CK (2016) Microwave dielectric properties of polytetrafluoroethylene-polyacrylate composite films made via aerosol deposition. Polym Int 65(7):820–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5138
Chen Y, Mao J, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Wu G, Wu J, Zhang H (2017) Structure and properties of microwave transparent crosslinked polystyrene prepared through 3D printing bulk polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 134(30):44865. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44865
Sherrington DC, Hodge P (1980) Polymer supported reactions in organic synthesis, J. Wiley & Sons, New York
Arunan C, Pillai VNR (2003) 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate-crosslinked polystyrene: preparation, characterization, and application in peptide synthesis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 87(8):1290–1296. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11538
Marvel CS, Porter PK (1941) Organic synthesis collection, Vol.I, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York,
Sebastian SM (2013) Microwave assisted reactions using polyvinylpyrrolidone supported reagents. Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, Dissertation
Lorenz DH (1971) N-Vinylamide polymers. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology 14:239–251
Jose J, John M, Mathew B (2003) Effect of the nature of crosslinking agent on the catalase-like activity of polystyrene-bound glycine–metal complexes. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry 40(8):863–879. https://doi.org/10.1081/MA-120022276
Suhas DP, Jeong HM, Aminabhavi TM, Raghu AV (2013) Preparation and characterization of novel polyurethanes containing 4,4′-{oxy-1,4-diphenyl bis(nitromethylidine)}diphenol schiff base diol. Polym Eng Sci 54(1):24–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.23532
Raghu AV, Anita G, Barigaddi YM, Gadaginamath GS, Aminabhavi TM (2007) Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on 2,6-bis(4-hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone hard segments. J Appl Polym Sci 104(1):81–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25518
Zhao HC, Guo JL, Li JT, Gao LL, Bian CC (2010) Synthesis and thermal property of linear Chloromethylated polystyrene. Adv Mater Res 150-151:1504–1507. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr
Donawade DS, Raghu AV, Gadaginamath GS (2007) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel linearly fused 5-Substituted-7-acetyl-2,6-dimethyloxazolo[4,5-f]indoles. ChemInform 38(31). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200731099
Donawade DS, Raghu AV, Gadaginamath GS (2006) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new 1-Substituted-3-pyrrolyl Aminocarbonyl/Oxadiazolyl/Triazolyl/5-Methoxy-2-methylindoles and Benz[g]indoles. ChemInform 37(28) http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6383
Acknowledgements
The financial assistance to Anjaly Mathew from University Grants Commission, Government of India under minor research project, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank SAIF STIC, CUSAT, Kerala, India for characterization facilities.
Funding
This work was supported by the University Grants Commission Government of India, under the Minor Research Project. [No. 2265-MRP /15–16/KLCA029/UGC-SWRO dated 25th April 2016].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• Divinylbenzene crosslinked polysterene supported bromoderivative of 2 –oxazolidone (DVB-PS-OX-Br) is an efficient, recyclable, microwave-safe and an environmentally stable reservoir of bromine
• DVB-PS-OX-Br is used for the bromination of alkenes, activated aromatic compounds and for the α-bromination of ketones under microwave irradiation
Electronic supplementary material
10965_2020_2251_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Figure S1 GC-MS spectra of bromostyrene Fig.S2 GC-MS spectra of α-Bromo cinnamaldehyde Fig.S3 GC-MS spectra of Styrene dibromide Fig.S4 GC-MS spectra of Dibromo cyclohexane Fig.S5 GC-MS spectra of 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline Fig.S6 GC-MS spectra of 4-Bromo-2,6-Dimethyl phenol Fig.S7 GC-MS spectra of 2,6-Dibromo-4-tert-butyl phenol Fig.S8 GC-MS spectra of α-Bromoacetanilide Fig. S9 1H NMR spectrum of β-Bromostyrene Fig. S10 1H NMR spectrum of Styrenedibromide (DOCX 733 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mathew, A., Mathew, B. & Koshy, E.P. Polystyrene supported bromoderivative of 2-oxazolidone – an efficient reagent for microwave assisted bromination reactions. J Polym Res 27, 271 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02251-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02251-w