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When is Parental Monitoring Effective? A Person-centered Analysis of the Role of Autonomy-supportive and Psychologically Controlling Parenting in Referred and Non-referred Adolescents

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Over the last few years, the protective role of parental monitoring on adolescent adjustment (i.e., active parental efforts aimed at setting limits and tracking adolescents’ activities and whereabouts) has been challenged. Recent research has shifted attention to the conditions under which monitoring may be more or less effective. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study investigated the role of parents’ autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting in effects of parental monitoring on adolescents’ adjustment. It also considered the role of adolescents’ clinical status (i.e., clinically referred vs non-referred). Adopting a person-centered approach, we aimed to identify naturally occurring profiles of monitoring, autonomy-support, and psychological control and to examine differences between these profiles in terms of life satisfaction, positive affect, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants included 218 referred (Mage = 14.44, 56% girls) and 218 matched adolescents from a larger sample of 1056 community (Mage = 14.83, 52.9% girls). Multigroup Latent Profile Analyses revealed five parenting profiles which were structurally equivalent in both samples: high monitoring with either high autonomy support or high psychological control, low monitoring with either high autonomy-support or high psychological control, and an average profile. Referred youth were significantly more present in the average profile and in the profiles characterized by high levels of psychological control. As hypothesized, profiles showed a differential association with adolescents’ self-reported adjustment, with the high monitoring—high autonomy support profile yielding the most optimal and the low monitoring—high psychological control profile yielding the worst outcomes. Associations between profiles and outcomes were similar for referred and non-referred adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of considering the parenting climate (i.e., autonomy-supportive versus psychologically controlling) to understand effects of parental monitoring during adolescence.

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Notes

  1. Single-group LPA was replicated in the larger non-referred group compromising 1056 adolescents, including the individuals already matched. Although none of the solutions showed a minimum BIC or aBIC value as they decrease with each successive model, the decrease tended to plateau at around five profiles. Similarly, the BLRT was significant for each model comparison. However, as indicated by the Loglikelihood Difference value the added improvement of each solution became smaller when more than five profiles were retained. The entropy value for the five-profile model was higher than for any other solution (0.89) except for the simpler model with two profiles. Thus, these results provided additional trust in the five-profile solution as the most appropriate solution to describe the data of the non-referred group.

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Authors’ Contributions

ARM participated in the design and coordination of the study, drafted the manuscript, performed the measurement, conducted the statistical analyses, and interpreted the findings; MV helped to draft the manuscript and participated in the interpretation of the findings; BS helped to draft the manuscript and participated in the interpretation of the findings; AO participated in the design and coordination of the study, helped to draft the manuscript and participated in the interpretation of the findings; KB helped to draft the manuscript and participated in the interpretation of the findings; LAS conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination, helped to draft the manuscript and performed the measurement. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Professional Training by a research grant awarded to the first author (grant number: FPU 14/02888).

Data Sharing Declaration

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain

    Ana Rodríguez-Meirinhos, Alfredo Oliva & Lucía Antolín-Suárez

  2. Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain

    Ana Rodríguez-Meirinhos

  3. Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Maarten Vansteenkiste, Bart Soenens & Katrijn Brenning

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  1. Ana Rodríguez-Meirinhos
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Correspondence to Lucía Antolín-Suárez.

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Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. et al. When is Parental Monitoring Effective? A Person-centered Analysis of the Role of Autonomy-supportive and Psychologically Controlling Parenting in Referred and Non-referred Adolescents. J Youth Adolescence 49, 352–368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01151-7

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