Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Up in Smoke: Neighborhood Contexts of Marijuana Use from Adolescence Through Young Adulthood

  • Empirical Research
  • Published:
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current understanding of the neighborhood contexts wherein adolescent substance use emerges remains limited by conflicting findings regarding geographic variation in, and neighborhood effects on, both the prevalence of and risk factors for such use. Using four waves of longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health [n = 18,697 (51 % female, 54 % White, 24 % Black, 16 % Hispanic, 7 % Asian, 2 % American Indian/Other)], latent class analysis, and growth curve modeling, this study identified distinct neighborhood types—patterned by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and geography—and explored how trajectories of adolescent and young adult marijuana use differed across neighborhood types. The results demonstrated complexity in neighborhood contexts, illustrating variation in trajectories of marijuana use across neighborhood types heretofore unobserved in neighborhoods research, and largely unexplained by key individual, family, and peer risk and protective factors. This approach highlights how social structural forces intersect and anchor trajectories of youth substance-using risk behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The U.S. Census does not delineate exurban (nor suburban) areas, and several studies have advanced a number of varying definitions (for a review, see Berube et al. 2006) involving combinations of housing density, population density, distance from metropolitan areas, and sociodemographic characteristics of the population. Given the lack of standardized definition(s), the limited availability of measures in the de-identified Add Health data, and the need for LCA model parsimony, the analyses included the fewest possible focal variables presumably needed to distinguish urban, surburban, and exurban places.

  2. All analyses were unweighted. In order to properly incorporate weights in a multilevel model, weights must be available at all levels (StataCorp 2015). In the Add Health data, there is no weight available at the neighborhood (census tract) level—which serves as the third level in the current analyses.

  3. The key distinction between (7) middle class White exurban and (4) affluent White suburban neighborhoods is that the former captured neighborhoods primarily located in the South.

  4. For more on this debate, readers are encouraged to see Dannefer and Kelley-Moore’s (2009) discussion of agentic asymmetry (see also, Hawley 1992) and Settersten and Gannon’s (see also, Settersten and Andersson 2002; Settersten and Gannon 2005) discussion of agency within structure.

References

  • Allison, K. W., Crawford, I., Leone, P. E., Trickett, E., Perez-Febles, A., Burton, L. M., & Blanc, R. L. (1999). Adolescent substance use: Preliminary examination of school and neighborhood context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 111–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aneshensel, C. S., & Sucoff, C. A. (1996). The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 293–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, A., & Phongsavan, P. (1999). Epidemiology of substance use in adolescence: Prevalence, trends and policy implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55(3), 187–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bearman, P., & Moody, J. (2004). Suicide and friendships among American adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 89–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, L. R. (2009). Person-oriented approaches. In D. Carr (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development (pp. 352–355). Detroit: Gale Centage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berube, A., Singer, A., Wilson, J. H., & Frey, W. H. (2006). Finding exurbia: America’s fast-growing communities at the metropolitan fringe In Metropolitan Policy Program, Living Cities Census Series. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2006/10/metropolitanpolicy-berube/20061017_exurbia.pdf.

  • Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 151–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, A. B., Bauermeister, J. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2011). Neighborhood variation in adolescent alcohol use: Examination of socioecological and social disorganization theories. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(4), 651.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development-six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues (pp. 187–250). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Richter, L., & Whiteman, M. (2006). Risk and protective factors of adolescent drug use: Implications for prevention programs. In Z. Sloboda & W. Bukoski (Eds.), Handbook of drug abuse prevention (pp. 265–287). U.S.: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Aber, J. L. (1997). Neighborhood poverty: Vol 1 context and consequences for children. Vol 2. policy implications in studying neighborhoods. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, A. L., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2003). How academic achievement, attitudes, and behaviors relate to the course of substance use during adolescence: A 6-year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 361–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, A., Roberts, B., Petticrew, M., & McKee, M. (2013). A systematic review of the influence of community level social factors on alcohol use. Health & Place, 21, 70–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, H. F., Miller, B. A., Chen, M.-J., & Grube, J. W. (2011). The roles of mothers’ neighborhood perceptions and specific monitoring strategies in youths’ problem behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(3), 347–360.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, R. B., Bergman, L. R., & Kagan, J. (Eds.). (1998). Methods and models for studying the individual. CA, Sage: Newbury Park.

    Google Scholar 

  • Call, K. T., Riedel, A. A., Hein, K., McLoyd, V., Peterson, A., & Kipke, M. (2002). Adolescent health and well-being in the twenty-first century: A global perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(1), 69–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Champion, H. L. O., Foley, K. L., Durant, R. H., Hensberry, R., Altman, D., & Wolfson, M. (2004). Adolescent sexual victimization, use of alcohol and other substances, and other health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(4), 321–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H.-J., Balan, S., & Price, R. K. (2012). Association of contextual factors with drug use and binge drinking among White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents in the general population. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(11), 1426–1441.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010). Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions in the study of inequalities. Sociological Theory, 28, 129–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, Y.-C., Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Neighborhood influences on adolescent cigarette and alcohol use: Mediating effects through parent and peer behaviors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 187–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang, Y.-C., Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Foshee, V. A. (2009). Relationships of adolescents’ percepetions of parental and peer behaviors with cigarette and alcohol use in different neighborhood contexts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1388–1398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claes, M., Lacourse, E., Ercolani, A.-P., Pierro, A., Leone, L., & Presaghi, F. (2005). Parenting, peer orientation, drug use, and antisocial behavior in late adolescence: A cross-national study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 401–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Bontempo, D. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). The role of risk and protective factors in substance use across adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2), 157–164.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth interpersonal contexts of adolescent development. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(1), 55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compas, B. E., Hinden, B. R., & Gerhardt, C. A. (1995). Adolescent development: Pathways and processes of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 265–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dannefer, D., & Kelley-Moore, J. A. (2009). Theorizing the life course: New twists in the paths. In V. L. Bengtson, M. Silverstein, N. M. Putney, & D. Gans (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (2nd ed., pp. 389–412). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Haye, K., Green, H. D., Kennedy, D. P., Pollard, M. S., & Tucker, J. S. (2013). Selection and influence mechanisms associated with marijuana initiation and use in adolescent friendship networks. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 474–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diez Roux, A. V. (2001). Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health. American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 1783–1789.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2002). A multilevel analysis of neighborhood context and youth alcohol and drug problems. Prevention Science, 3(2), 125–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. W., Stanley, L. R., Marquet, B. S., & Swaim, R. C. (2011). Adolescent substance abuse in rural and small urban communities. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, E, 14(2), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenreich, H., Nahapetyan, L., Orpinas, P., & Song, X. (2015). Marijuana use from middle to high school: Co-occurring problem behaviors, teacher-rated academic skills and sixth-grade predictors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1929–1940.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson, P. L., Bird, C. E., Orlando, M., Klein, D. J., & McCaffrey, D. F. (2003). Social context and adolescent health behavior: Does school-level smoking prevalence affect students’ subsequent smoking behavior? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 525–535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., Menard, S., Rankin, B., Elliott, A., Wilson, W. J., & Huizinga, D. (2006). Good kids from bad neighborhoods: Successful development in social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, A. A., Wright, E. M., & Pinchevsky, G. M. (2013). Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent substance use. Journal of Drug Issues, 43(1), 69–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, A. A., Wright, E. M., & Pinchevsky, G. M. (2014). The protective effects of neighborhood collective efficacy on adolescent substance use and violence following exposure to violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1498–1512.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, W. H. (2012). Population growth in metro America since 1980: Putting the volatile 2000s in perspective. In: Metropolitan Policy Program. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/3/20-population-frey/0320_population_frey.pdf.

  • Friedman, S. (2008). Do declines in residential segregation mean stable neighborhood racial integration in metropolitan America? A research note. Social Science Research, 37(3), 920–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnier, H. E., & Stein, J. A. (2002). An 18-year model of family and peer effects on adolescent drug use and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geis, K. J., & Ross, C. E. (1998). A new look at urban alienation: The effect of neighborhood disorder on perceived powerlessness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(3), 232–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, A., & Fagan, J. (2010). Pot as pretext: Marijuana, race, and the new disorder in New York City street policing. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 7(4), 591–633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gfroerer, J. C., Larson, S. L., & Colliver, J. D. (2007). Drug use patterns and trends in rural communities. The Journal of Rural Health, 23(s1), 10–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goncy, E. A., & Mrug, S. (2013). Where and when adolescents use tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana: Comparisons by age, gender, and race. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 74(2), 288.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. B. (2000). A developmental-ecological model of the relation of family functioning to patterns of delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 169–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyourko, J., & Linneman, P. (1993). The affordability of the American dream: An examination of the last 30 years. Journal of Housing Research, 4(1), 39–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J. (1991). Destiny and drift: Subcultural preferences, status attainments, and the risks and rewards of youth. American Sociological Review, 56, 567–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansell, S., & White, H. R. (1991). Adolescent drug use, psychological distress, and physical symptoms. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(3), 288–301. doi:10.2307/2136809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, A. H. (1992). The logic of macrosociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay, C., Fortson, E. N., Hollist, D. R., Altheimer, I., & Shcaible, L. M. (2007). Compounded risk: The implications for delinquency of coming from a poor family that lives in a poor community. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 593–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2011). Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in Washington State, the United States and Victoria, Australia: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(3), 312–320.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2007). Conceptualizing emerging adulthood: Inspecting the emperor’s new clothes? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 74–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hipp, J. R., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models. Psychological Methods, 11(1), 36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, N., Denny, S., & Ameratunga, S. (2014). Social and socio-demographic neighborhood effects on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of multi-level studies. Social Science and Medicine, 115, 10–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jargowsky, P. A., & Bane, M. J. (1991). Ghetto poverty in the United States. In C. Jencks & P. Peterson (Eds.), The urban underclass (pp. 1970–1980). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C., & Mayer, S. (1990). The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. In L. E. Lynn, Jr., & M. G. H. McGeary (Eds.), Inner city poverty in the United States (pp. 111–186). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, L., McLaughlin, D. K., & Slack, T. (2003). Rural poverty: The persisting challenge. In D. L. Brown & L. E. Swanson (Eds.), Challenges for rural America in the twenty-first century (pp. 118–131). University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Webb, R., & Karriker-Jaffe, K. J. (2013). Neighborhood disadvantage, high alcohol content beverage consumption, drinking norms, and drinking consequences: A mediation analysis. Journal of Urban Health, 90(4), 667–684.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Kawkins, J., Harris, W. A., & Chyen, D. (2014). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2013. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 63(Suppl 4), 1–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza, S. T., & Rhoades, B. L. (2013). Latent class analysis: An alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prevention Science, 14(2), 157–168.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S. B., & Coupey, S. M. (2003). Adolescent substance use, sexual behavior, and metropolitan status: Is “urban” a risk factor? Journal of Adolescent Health, 32(5), 350–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., & Johnson, K. M. (2007). The changing spatial concentration of America’s rural poor population. Rural Sociology, 72(3), 331–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichter, D. T., & Parisi, D. (2008). Concentrated rural poverty and the geography of exclusion. Rural Realities, Fall, 2008, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke, D. A. (2005). Getting the big picture in community science: Methods that capture context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 185–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction, 95(11), 1621–1630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martino, S. C., Ellickson, P. L., & McCaffrey, D. F. (2008). Developmental trajectories of substance use from early to late adolescence: A comparison of rural and urban youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(3), 430.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, M. L., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). Multilevel modeling of direct effects and interactions of peers, parents, school, and community influences on adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(8), 1038–1049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCutcheon, A. L. (1987). Latent class analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merline, A. C., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2004). Substance use among adults 35 years of age: Prevalence, adulthood predictors, and impact of adolescent substance use. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 96–102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2014: Vol I, Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research: The University of Michigan. http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs.html#monographs.

  • Miller, M. K., & Luloff, A. E. (1980). Who is rural? A typological approach to the examination of rurality. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society. Ithaca, NY.

  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagin, D. (2005). Group-based modeling of development over the life course. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M. C., Gordon-Larsen, P., Song, Y., & Popkin, B. M. (2006). Built and social environments: Associations with adolescent overweight and activity. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 31, 109–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H., & Reuter, P. (2012). How risky is marijuana possession? considering the role of age, race, and gender. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 879–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakes, J. M. (2004). The (mis)estimation of neighborhod effects: Causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1929–1952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohannessian, C. M. (2012). Parental problem drinking and adolescent psychosocial adjustment: The mediating role of adolescent–parent communication. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(3), 498–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W., & Anderson, A. (2004). Unstructured socializing and rates of delinquency. Criminology, 42, 519–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhew, I. C., Hawkins, J. D., & Oesterle, S. (2011). Drug use and risk among youth in different rural contexts. Health & Place, 17(3), 775–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, S. D., Borden, L. M., & Donnermeyer, J. F. (2000). The relationship between family factors and adolescent substance use in rural, suburban, and urban settings. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9(1), 105–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Settersten, R. A, Jr, & Andersson, T. E. (2002). Moving and still: Neighborhoods, human development, and the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 7, 197–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Settersten, R. A, Jr, & Gannon, L. (2005). Structure, agency, and the space between: On the challenges and contradictions of a blended view of the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 10, 35–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, P. (2008). The intergenerational transmission of context. American Journal of Sociology, 113(4), 931–969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smetana, J. G., Campione-Barr, N., & Metzger, A. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal and societal contexts. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 255–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snedker, K. A., Herting, J. R., & Walton, E. (2009). Contextual effects and adolescent substance use: Exploring the role of neighborhoods. Social Science Quarterly, 90, 1272–1297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • StataCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapert, S. F., Aarons, G. A., Sedlar, G. R., & Brown, S. A. (2001). Adolescent substance use and sexual risk-taking behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 28(3), 181–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapert, S. F., Granholm, E., Leedy, N. G., & Brown, S. A. (2002). Substance use and withdrawal: Neuropsychological functioning over 8 years in youth. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(07), 873–883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, B., & Silver, E. (2009). Neighborhoods and self-control: Toward and expanded view of socialization. Social Problems, 56, 205–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timberlake, J. M. (2007). Racial and ethnic inequality in the duration of children’s exposure to neighborhood poverty and affuence. Social Problems, 54(3), 319–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobler, A. L., Komro, K. A., & Maldonado-Molina, M. M. (2009). Early adolescent, multi-ethnic, urban youth’s exposure to patterns of alcohol-related neighborhood characteristics. Journal of Community Health, 34(5), 361–369.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trucco, E. M., Colder, C. R., Wieczorek, W. F., Lengua, L. J., & Hawk, L. W, Jr. (2014). Early adolescent alcohol use in context: How neighborhoods, parents and peers impact youth. Development and Psychopathology, 26(2), 425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Upchurch, D. M., Aneshensel, C. S., Sucoff, C. A., & Levy-Storms, L. (1999). Neighborhood and family contexts of adolescent sexual activity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 920–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vazsonyi, A. T., Castillo-Trejos, E., & Young, M. A. (2008). Rural and non-rural African American youth: Does context matter in the etiology of problem behaviors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 798–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn, I. J., & Capaldi, D. M. (2014). Influences on boys’ marijuana use in high school: A two-part random intercept growth model. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 117–130.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weden, M. M., Bird, C. E., Escarce, J. J., & Lurie, N. (2011). Neighborhood archetypes for population health research: Is there no place like home? Health & Place, 17, 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. R., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (1999). Developmental associations between substance use and violence. Development and Psychopathology, 11(04), 785–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wickrama, K. A. S., & Noh, S. (2010). The long arm of community: The influence of childhood community contextx across the early life course. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 894–910.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., & Biederman, J. (2011). Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(6), 543–553.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Winstanley, E. L., Steinwachs, D. M., Ensminger, M. E., Latkin, C. A., Stitzer, M. L., & Olsen, Y. (2008). The association of self-reported neighborhood disorganization and social capital with adolescent alcohol and drug use, dependence, and access to treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1), 173–182.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, P., Goodwin, R. D., Fuller, C., Liu, X., Comer, J. S., Cohen, P., & Hoven, C. W. (2010). The relationship between anxiety disorders and substance use among adolescents in the community: Specificity and gender differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 177–188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research uses data from Add Health, a program project directed by Kathleen Mullan Harris and designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and funded by Grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). No direct support was received from Grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 2013 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 705 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0324, USA

    Tara D. Warner

Authors
  1. Tara D. Warner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tara D. Warner.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The author reports no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Warner, T.D. Up in Smoke: Neighborhood Contexts of Marijuana Use from Adolescence Through Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolescence 45, 35–53 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0370-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0370-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation