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Parent and Peer Pathways to Adolescent Delinquency: Variations by Ethnicity and Neighborhood Context

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Abstract

Effects of ethnicity and neighborhood quality often are confounded in research on adolescent delinquent behavior. This study examined the pathways to delinquency among 2,277 African American and 5,973 European American youth residing in high-risk and low-risk neighborhoods. Using data from a national study of youth, a meditational model was tested in which parenting practices (parental control and maternal support) were hypothesized to influence adolescents’ participation in delinquent behavior through their affiliation with deviant peers. The relationships of family and neighborhood risk to parenting practices and deviant peer affiliation were also examined. Results of multi-group structural equation models provided support for the core meditational model in both ethnic groups, as well as evidence of a direct effect of maternal support on delinquency. When a similar model was tested within each ethnic group to compare youths residing in high-risk and low-risk neighborhoods, few neighborhood differences were found. The results indicate that, for both African American and European American youth, low parental control influences delinquency indirectly through its effect on deviant peer affiliation, whereas maternal support has both direct and indirect effects. However, the contextual factors influencing parenting practices and deviant peer affiliation appear to vary somewhat across ethnic groups. Overall the present study highlights the need to look at the joint influence of neighborhood context and ethnicity on adolescent problem behavior.

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Notes

  1. A Wald test was necessary to test this hypothesis due to the full mediation of the relationship between parental control and delinquency via deviant peers.

  2. In the initial analyses which were done separately for each ethnic group, indirect effects of parenting practices on delinquency were found for both groups. Thus, it is puzzling that these effects were no longer significant when the African American youth divided based on residence in high-risk versus low-risk neighborhoods. One possible explanation is the reduced statistical power in the neighborhood models.

  3. One other neighborhood difference emerged for African American youth only. For African American youth, living in a two-parent home deters affiliation with deviant peers in high-risk, but not low-risk neighborhoods. A two-parent family, especially in high-risk neighborhoods, may provide greater monitoring and parental support, reducing opportunities and motivations to affiliate with deviant peers. African American single-mother households receive less extended kin support compared to married couple households (Miller-Cribbs and Farber, 2008), which may reduce the family’s ability to shield adolescents from contact with deviant peers. Furthermore, father figures are particularly important for curbing delinquent behavior in African American youth (Bean et al. 2006), indicating that father figures may be important for reducing deviant peer association.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by grant # HD R01 039438 from NICHD to L. Crockett and S. Russell. This research uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/addhealth). Address correspondence to A. Deutsch, arielle.deutsch@gmail.com. Portions of this paper were presented at the 2010 meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, PA.

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  1. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

    Arielle R. Deutsch, Lisa J. Crockett & Jennifer M. Wolff

  2. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Stephen T. Russell

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  1. Arielle R. Deutsch
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Deutsch, A.R., Crockett, L.J., Wolff, J.M. et al. Parent and Peer Pathways to Adolescent Delinquency: Variations by Ethnicity and Neighborhood Context. J Youth Adolescence 41, 1078–1094 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9754-y

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