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The Impact of Gender and Family Processes on Mental Health and Substance Use Issues in a Sample of Court-Involved Female and Male Adolescents

  • Empirical Research
  • Published:
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Abstract

Greater empirical attention directed toward gender-sensitive assessment strategies that concentrate on family-specific factors is thought to be both timely and necessary, especially with regard to outcome variables associated with mental health and substance abuse in at-risk adolescent populations. A sample of 2,646 court-involved adolescents was used to test two competing models regarding relationships among disruptive family processes, mental health (as both internalizing and externalizing problems), and substance abuse issues according to gender. The results of multiple group structural equation modeling procedures indicated that disrupted family processes were significantly associated with higher levels of internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and substance abuse in both male and female youth. For females, however, disrupted family processes were more related to internalizing problems and substance abuse than externalizing problems. Further, the relationship between disrupted family processes and substance abuse was not mediated by mental health issues, indicating a lack of support for the alternative model tested in this study. Together, the findings underscore the primacy of the family’s impact on issues related to adolescent development and well-being in tandem with the need for a more gender sensitive approach to the needs of court-involved males and females.

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Notes

  1. The standard of data security implemented by version 2.0 of GRAD closely parallels the “Sensitive But Unclassified” (SBU) classification as defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in directive MD 11042.1, January 5, 2005. SBU is similar to the standard of care the federal government applies to federal tax return information, data covered by the Privacy Act, grand jury information, and information relating to the nation’s critical infrastructures. Consistent with the SBU standard of care, the GRAD information systems, internal policies and procedures, and operations are compliant with applicable portions of the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA) and NIST Draft Publication 800–53 (Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, 171 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Stephen M. Gavazzi

  2. The Ohio State University Center for Family Research, 333 West Broad Street, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA

    Stephen M. Gavazzi, Courtney M. Yarcheck & Jennifer M. Bostic

  3. Department of Family Studies and Social Work, Miami University of Ohio, 101M McGuffey Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA

    Ji-Young Lim

  4. Department of Human and Community Resource Development, The Ohio State University and OSU Extension, 2120 Fyffe Road, Room 204A, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Scott D. Scheer

Authors
  1. Stephen M. Gavazzi
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  2. Ji-Young Lim
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  3. Courtney M. Yarcheck
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  4. Jennifer M. Bostic
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  5. Scott D. Scheer
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen M. Gavazzi.

Appendices

Appendix A: Items Used from the GRAD Family Domain—Youth Version

Family Conflict (11 items)

  1. 1.

    How often do you get into fights with adults who live in your home?

  2. 2.

    How much of the time do the adults who live with you NOT know where you are?

  3. 3.

    Are family members ever too critical of you?

  4. 4.

    Do you ever feel that you are not welcome to stay in your home?

  5. 5.

    Are you ever at-risk of harm, or are you ever in physical danger when you are in your home?

  6. 6.

    When you are punished for your behavior, is it harsh (the punishment is worse than the behavior) or inconsistent (the punishment is never the same twice for the same behavior)?

  7. 7.

    How often have you been involved in a physical fight (shoving, hitting, punching etc.) with an adult family member as a result of something you did wrong?

  8. 8.

    How often are adults who live in your home verbally abusive to you (swearing, calling you names etc.)?

  9. 9.

    How often do you fight with your brothers and sisters?

  10. 10.

    Does your relationship with your mother ever feel not so good?

  11. 11.

    Does your relationship with your father ever feel not so good?

Parental Tip-Toeing (4 items)

  1. 1.

    Does it seem like the adults in your home do things themselves instead of asking you to do them?

  2. 2.

    Does it ever seem like your family members tip-toe around you (so they don’t upset you)?

  3. 3.

    Do your family members ever seem to go out of their way to NOT upset you?

  4. 4.

    Do you ever become more uncontrollable after you have been punished?

Appendix B: Items Used from the GRAD Mental Health Domain—Youth Version

Internalizing Behavior (10 items)

  1. 1.

    Do you have bad dreams or nightmares?

  2. 2.

    Do you have difficulty sleeping?

  3. 3.

    Have you lost interest in things you used to enjoy?

  4. 4.

    Do you feel sad, moody, blue or depressed?

  5. 5.

    Do you feel like you can’t trust anyone?

  6. 6.

    Have you experienced a major change in appetite (either increase or decrease)?

  7. 7.

    Do you have panic attacks?

  8. 8.

    Do you have difficulty breathing, pain in your chest, or it feels like your heart is pounding too much?

  9. 9.

    Have you felt like you were physically numb to pain?

  10. 10.

    Do you feel like you don’t belong anywhere because of the color of your skin or the family you come from?

Externalizing Behavior (6 items)

  1. 1.

    Do you have difficulty controlling your anger?

  2. 2.

    Do you try to get even with people when they do something to you?

  3. 3.

    Do you destroy things that belong to you when you get angry?

  4. 4.

    Do you yell, shout or curse too much?

  5. 5.

    Have you threatened to harm people?

  6. 6.

    Have you been physically aggressive towards others?

Appendix C: Items Used from the GRAD Substance Abuse Domain—Youth Version

Substance Use (7 items)

  1. 1.

    Have you ever drank alcohol?

  2. 2.

    Have you ever used marijuana?

  3. 3.

    Have you ever smoked or chewed tobacco?

  4. 4.

    Have you ever used “club drugs” (ecstasy), acid or other psychedelic drugs?

  5. 5.

    Have you ever used sniffed glue, aerosol sprays, or other inhalants?

  6. 6.

    Have you ever used legal drugs for non-medical reasons?

  7. 7.

    Have you ever used highly addictive drugs (crack, cocaine, heroin)?

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Gavazzi, S.M., Lim, JY., Yarcheck, C.M. et al. The Impact of Gender and Family Processes on Mental Health and Substance Use Issues in a Sample of Court-Involved Female and Male Adolescents. J Youth Adolescence 37, 1071–1084 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9306-7

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