Abstract
While comprehensive texts, articles, and literature reviews presenting research in the singular arenas of motivation, help-seeking, and online science learning are relatively easy to find, syntheses and interactions between these constructs are lacking. Part I of this review addresses this knowledge gap by drawing together key research from the domains of educational psychology and adult education, addressing the constructs of motivation, self-efficacy, adult learning, and help-seeking. Part II of this review extends and applies the motivation and help-seeking discussion to the emerging and exciting field of online chemistry education. The result is a comprehensive synthesis of the strengths and limitations of the currently existing body of knowledge related to the motivation and help-seeking behaviors of adult, online chemistry students.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams DL, Philips JR (1991) Issues-directed science education—theory and applications in biology and chemistry. Bull Sci Technol Soc 11:155–160
Ahl H (2006) Motivation in adult education: a problem solver or a euphemism for direction and control? Int J Lifelong Educ 25(4):385–405
Aleven V, Stahl E, Schworm S (2003) Help seeking and help design in interactive learning environments. Rev Educ Res 73(3):277–320
Allen IE, Seaman JS (2006) Making the grade: online education in the United States. SLOAN-C, Needham
Ames R (1983) Help-seeking and achievement orientation: perspectives from attributional theory. In: Fisher J, Nadler A, Depaulo B (eds) New directions in helping, vol 2. Academic Press, New York
Ames C (1992) Classrooms: goals, structures, and student motivation. J Educ Psychol 84(3):261–271
Ames C, Archer J (1988) Achievement goals in the classroom: students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. J Educ Psychol 80(3):260–267
Ames R, Lau S (1982) An attributional analysis of student help-seeking in academic settings. J Educ Psychol 74(3):414–423
Aragon SR (2003) Editor’s notes. In: Aragon SR (ed) Facilitating learning in online environments: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 100. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 1–3
Assor A, Kaplan H, Roth G (2002) Choice is good, but relevance is excellent: autonomy-enhancing and suppressing teacher behaviours predicting students’ engagement in schoolwork. Br J Educ Psychol 72:261–278
Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84(2):191–215
Bandura A (1986) Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. Am Psychol 41(12):1389–1391
Bandura A (1991) Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-regulatory mechanisms. In: Dienstbier R (ed) Perspectives on motivation: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol 38. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp 69–164
Bandura A (1993) Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educ Psychol 28(2):117–148
Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. W. H. Freeman, New York
Barbuto J (2006) Four classification schemes of adult motivation: current views and measures. Percept Mot Skills 102(2):563–575
Bembenutty H (2006) Pre-service teachers’ help-seeking tendencies and self-regulation of learning. Online submission paper presented at the annual meeting of the american educational research association. San Francisco
Bembenutty H (2008) Academic delay of gratification and expectancy-value. Pers Individ Differ 44:193–202
Bembenutty H, Karabenick S (1998) Academic delay of gratification. Learn Individ Differ 10(4):329–346
Benshoff J, Lewis H (1992) Nontraditional college students. ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services, Ann Arbor, MI (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 347483). Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed347483.html
Berg CA, Jefson C (1999) Top 20 collaborative internet-based science projects of 1998: characteristics and comparisons of exemplary science instruction. InSITE 99: society for information technology & teacher education international conference. San Antonio, February 28–March 4 [ED 432 292]
Black AE (2000) The effects of instructors’ autonomy support and students’ autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: a self-determination theory perspective. Sci Educ 84(6):740–756
Blaylock TH (2007) The effects of advisor persona, motivational orientation, and help-seeking on solicited advisement and achievement in multimedia-based learning. Diss Abstr Int Sect A Humanit Soc Sci 67(11-A):4092
Bong M (2001) Between- and within-domain relations of academic motivation among middle and high school students: self-efficacy, task-value, and achievement goals. J Educ Psychol 93:23–34
Bong M (2004) Academic motivation in self-efficacy, task value, achievement goal orientations, and attributional beliefs. J Educ Res 97(6):287–297
Boshier R (1971) Motivational orientations of adult education participants: a factor analytic exploration of Houle’s typology. Adult Educ J 21(2):3–26
Bouffard T, Couture N (2003) Motivational profile and academic achievement among students enrolled in different schooling tracks. Educ Stud 29(1):19–38
Brunson B, Matthews K (1981) The type-A coronary-prone behavior pattern and reactions to uncontrollable stress: an analysis of performance strategies, affect, and attributions during failure. J Pers Soc Psychol 40:906–918
Carr S (2000) Science instructors debate the efficacy of conducting lab courses online. The chronicle of higher education. Retrieved December 21, 2007 from http://chronicle.com/free/2000/03/2000031001u.htm/
Carvalho-Knighton KM, Keen-Rocha L (2007) Using technology to enhance the effectiveness of general chemistry laboratory courses. J Chem Educ 84(4):727–730
Chambers KA, Blake B (2007) Enhancing student performance in first-semester general chemistry using active feedback through the World Wide Web. J Chem Educ 84(7):1130–1135
Chang C, Cheng W (2008) Science achievement and students’ self-confidence and interest in science: a Taiwanese representative sample study. Int J Sci Educ 30(9):1183–1200
Cokley K, Bernard N, Cunningham D, Motoike J (2001) A psychometric investigation of the academic motivation scale using a United States sample. Meas Eval Couns Dev 34:109–119
Conceição SCO (2007) Understanding the environment for online teaching. In: Conceição SCO (ed) Teaching strategies in the online environment: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 113. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 5–11
Cordova D, Lepper M (1996) Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice. J Educ Psychol 88(4):715–730
Covington M, Dray E (2002) The developmental course of achievement motivation: a need-based approach. In: Wigfield A, Eccles J (eds) Development of achievement motivation. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 33–56
Cross K (1981) Adults as learners. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Cukras G (2006) The investigation of study strategies that maximize learning for underprepared students. Coll Teach 54(1):194–197
Daley BJ, Caňas AJ, Stark-Schweitzer T (2007) Cmap tools: integrating teaching, learning, and evaluation in online courses. In: Conceição SCO (ed) Teaching strategies in the online environment: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 113. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 37–47
De V. Steyn MM, Alexander PM, Röhm D (1996) CAL for first year analytical chemistry by distance education. Comput Educ 27(2):95–101
Deci E (1971) Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. J Pers Soc Psychol 18(1):105–115
Deci E, Ryan R (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum, New York
Deci E, Vallerand R, Pelletier L, Ryan R (1991) Motivation and education: the self-determination perspective. Educ Psychol 26(3 & 4):246–325
Deci E, Eghrari H, Patrick B, Leone D (1994) Facilitating internalization: the self-determination theory perspective. J Pers 62(1):119–142
Derrick MG (2003) Creating environments conducive for lifelong learning. In: Aragon SR (ed) Facilitating learning in online environments: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 100. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 5–18
Dowson M, McInerney DM (2003) What do students say about their motivational goals?: towards a more complex and dynamic perspective on student motivation. Contemp Educ Psychol 28:91–113
Doymus K (2007) Effects of a cooperative learning strategy on teaching and learning phases of matter and one-component phase diagrams. J Chem Educ 84(11):1857–1860
Dweck C (1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. Am Psychol 41(10):1040–1048
Dweck C, Leggett E (1988) A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychol Rev 95(2):256–273
Eastmond DV (1998) Adult learners and internet-based distance education. In: Cahoon B (ed) Adult learning and the internet: new directions for adult, continuing education, no. 78. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 33–41
Elliott E, Dweck C (1988) Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement. J Pers Soc Psychol 54(1):5–12
Ely K, Sitzmann T, Falkiewicz C (2009) The influence of goal orientation dimensions on time to train in a self-paced training environment. Learn Individ Differ 19(1):146–150
Forinash K, Wisman R (2001) The viability of distance education science laboratories. T.H.E. J 29(2):38–40
Gabel D (1999) Improving teaching and learning through chemistry education research: a look to the future. J Chem Educ 76(4):548–554
Gibbons F, Buunk B (1999) Individual differences in social comparison: development and validation of a measure of social comparison orientation. J Pers Soc Psychol 76:129–142
Gottfried A (1990) Academic intrinsic motivation in young elementary school children. J Educ Psychol 82(3):525–538
Governanti M, Clowes D (1982) Adults’ motivations for attending a community college. Community/Jr Coll Q 6:271–285
Grant H, Dweck CS (2003) Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. J Pers Soc Psychol 85(3):541–553
Grolnick W, Gurland S, Jacob K, Decourcey W (2002) The development of self-determination in middle childhood and adolescence. In: Wigfield A, Eccles J (eds) Development of achievement motivation. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 147–171
Harackiewicz J, Barron K, Carter S, Lehto A, Elliott A (1997) Predictors and consequences of achievement goals in the college classroom: maintaining interest and making the grade. J Pers Soc Psychol 73:1284–1295
Hattie J, Biggs J, Purtie N (1996) Effects of learning skills interventions on student learning: a meta-analysis. Rev Educ Res 66(2):99–136
Holley KA, Taylor BJ (2009) Undergraduate student socialization and learning in an online professional curriculum. Innov High Educ 33(4):257–269
Hunt B, Stone B (1979) SOTA: for mature audiences only. Lifelong Learn Adult Years 2(5):6–7
Isaac E, Talmadge G, Valentine T (2001) Understanding African-American learners’ motivations to learn in church-based adult education. Adult Educ Q 52(1):23–38
Jackson MD (1998) A distance-education chemistry course for nonmajors. J Sci Educ Technol 7(2):163–170
Jang S (2009) Exploration of secondary students’ creativity by integrating web-based technology into an innovative science curriculum. Comput Educ 52(1):247–255
Johnson SD, Aragon SR (2003) An instructional strategy framework for online learning environments. In: Aragon SR (ed) Facilitating learning in online environments: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 100. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 31–43
Johnson SD, Aragon SR, Shaik N, Palma-Rivas N (2000) Comparative analysis of learner satisfaction and learning outcomes in online and face-to-face learning environments. J Interact Learn Res 11(1):29–49
Jones J (1973) Cognitive studies with students in Papua New Guinea. E.R.U. Report 10. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED115463) Retrieved November 8, 2007, from ERIC database
Joseph L (1996) A world of discovery online: science fairs. MultiMedia Schools 3:21
Karabenick S, Knapp J (1988) Help seeking and the need for academic assistance. J Educ Psychol 80(3):406–408
Karsenti T, Thibert G (1995) What type of motivation is truly related to school achievement? A look at 1428 high-school students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the american educational research association, San Francisco
Kerka S (1992) Part-time students in higher education. Trends and issues alerts. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED342931) Retrieved October 5, 2007, from ERIC database
Knowles M (1980) The modern practice of adult education: from pedagogy to andragogy. Follet Publishing Company, Chicago
Lee JK, Lee WK (2008) The relationship of e-learner’s self-regulatory efficacy and perception of e-learning environmental quality. Comput Hum Behav 24:32–47
Levine SJ (2007) The online discussion board. In: Conceição SCO (ed) Teaching strategies in the online environment: new directions for adult and continuing education, no. 113. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 67–74
Lim DH (2004) Cross cultural differences in online learning. Educational media international: refereed papers and selected papers from the Oslo conference, pp. 163–173
Lodewyk KR, Winne PH, Jamieson-Noel DL (2009) Implications of task structure on self-regulated learning and achievement. Educ Psychol 29(1):1–25
MacBrayne P (1995) Rural adults in community college distance education: what motivates them to enroll? In new directions for community colleges. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 85–93
Martens R, Bastiaens T, Kirchner PA (2007) New learning design in distance education: the impact on student perception and motivation. Distance Educ 28(1):81–93
Martin-Blas T, Serrano-Fernandez A (2009) The role of new technologies in the learning process: Moodle as a teaching tool in physics. Comput Educ 52(1):35–44
Maslow AH (1970) Motivation and personality, 2nd edn. Harper & Row, New York
Mazlo J, Dormedy D (2002) What motivates students in the lab? J Coll Sci Teach 31(5):318–321
Melenhorst A, Rogers W, Bouwhuis D (2006) Older adults’ motivated choice for technological innovation: evidence for benefit-driven selectivity. Psychol Aging 21(1):190–195
Middleton MJ, Kaplan A, Midgley C (2004) The change in middle school students’ achievement goals in mathematics over time. Soc Psychol Educ 7:289–311
Miller S, Atkinson T (2001) Cognitive and motivational effects of seeking academic assistance. J Educ Res 94(6):323–334
Mills N (2007) Self-efficacy of college intermediate French students: relation to achievement and motivation. Lang Learn 57(3):417–442
Milne C, Otieno T (2007) Understanding engagement: science demonstrations and emotional energy. Sci Educ 91(4):523–553
Morris LV, Finnegan CL (2009) Best practices in predicting and encouraging student persistence and achievement online. J Coll Stud Retent Res Theory Pract 10(1):55–64
Nelson-Le Gall S, Jones E (1991) Classroom help-seeking behavior of African American children. Educ Urban Soc 24:27–40
Newman R (2002) What do I need to do to succeed…when I don’t understand what I’m doing?!: Developmental influences on students’ adaptive help seeking. In: Wigfield A, Eccles J (eds) Development of achievement motivation. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 285–306
Nick S, Andresen J, Lübker B, Thumm L (2003) CHEMnet—structure, design, and evaluation of an online chemistry course. J Sci Educ Technol 12(3):333–341
Norris SP, Kvernbekk T (1997) The application of science education theories. J Res Sci Teach 34(10):977–1005
Pajares F (1996) Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Rev Educ Res 66(4):543–578
Payne SP (2006) Comparing the motivational profiles of high-ability-low-performing (HALP) students and high-ability-high-performing (HAHP) students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Pethokoukis JM (2002) E-learn and earn. US News World Rep 132(22):36
Pintrich P (2000) An achievement goal theory perspective on issues in motivation terminology, theory, and research. Contemp Educ Psychol 25:92–104
Pintrich P, Garcia T (1994) Self-regulated learning in college students: knowledge, strategies, and motivation. Student motivation, cognition, and learning; Essays in Honor of William J. McKeachie, pp 113–130
Ponton MK, Derrick MG, Carr PB (2005) The relationship between resourcefulness and persistence in adult autonomous learning. Adult Educ Q 55(2):116–128
Qureshi E, Morton LL, Antosz E (2002) An interesting profile—university students who take distance education courses show weaker motivation than on-campus students. Online J Distance Learn Adm 5(4):1–10
Redding T, Rotzien J (2001) Comparative analysis of online learning versus classroom learning. J Interact Instr Dev 13(4):3–12
Régner I, Escribe C, Dupeyrat C (2007) Evidence of social comparison in mastery goals in natural academic settings. J Educ Psychol 99(3):575–583
Rosen Y, Salomon G (2007) The differential learning achievements of constructivist technology-intensive learning environments as compared with traditional ones: a meta-analysis. J Educ Comput Res 36(1):1–14
Sanger MJ, Campbell E, Felker J (2007) “Concept learning versus problem solving”: does particle motion have an effect? J Chem Educ 84(5):875–879
Schöenfeld-Tacher R, McConnell S, Schultheiss P, Bowen R, Jones R (2002) Teaching science online: hands off is not minds off! (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 468 892) Retrieved September 20, 2007, from ERIC database
Schunk D (1991) Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educ Psychol 26(3 & 4):207–231
Schunk D, Pajares F (2002) The development of academic self-efficacy. In: Wigfield A, Eccles J (eds) Development of achievement motivation. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 15–31
Seifert T (2004) Understanding student motivation. Educ Res 46(2):137–149
Seifert T, O’Keefe B (2001) The relationship of work avoidance and learning goals to perceived competence, externality and meaning. Br J Educ Psychol 71:81–92
Senécal D, Koestner R, Vallerand R (1995) Self-regulation and academic procrastination. J Soc Psychol 135(5):607–619
Shachar H (2004) Cooperative learning and the achievement and perceptions of students in 11th grade chemistry classes. Learn Instr 14(1):69–87
Silverman S, Casazza M (2000) Learning & development: making connections to enhance teaching. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Silverman S, Juhasz A (1993) A developmental interpretation of help rejection. J Dev Educ 17(2):24–28 30–31
Simpson M (1996) Conducting reality checks to improve students’ strategic learning. J Adolesc Adult Lit 40(2):102
Skilton-Sylvester E (2002) Should I stay or should I go? Investigating Cambodian women’s participation and investment in adult ESL programs. Adult Educ Q 53(1):9–26
Slocum LE, Towns MH, Zielinski TJ (2004) Online chemistry modules: interaction and effective faculty facilitation. J Chem Educ 81(7):1058–1065
Sogunro O (1998) Impact of evaluation anxiety on adult learning. J Res Dev Educ 31(2):109–120
Steinmayr R, Spinath B (2009) The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learn Individ Differ 19(1):80–90
Stephens E, Carswell C, Schumacher M (2006) Evidence for an elders’ advantage in the naïve product usability judgments of older and younger adults. Hum Factors 48(3):422–433
Stewart S, Zvolensky M, Eifert G (2002) The relations of anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and alexithymic coping to young adults’ motivations for drinking. Behav Modif 26(2):274–296
Straits W, Wilke R (2007) How constructivist are we? Representations of transmission and participatory models of instruction. J Coll Sci Teach 36(7):58–61
Summers J, Waigandt A, Whittaker T (2005) A comparison of student achievement and satisfaction in an online versus a traditional face to face statistics class. Innov High Educ 29(3):233–250
Sungur S (2007) Modeling the relationships among students’ motivational beliefs, metacognitive strategy use, and effort regulation. Scand J Educ Res 51(3):315–326
Syh-Jong J (2007) A study of students’ construction of science knowledge: talk and writing in a collaborative group. Educ Res 49(1):65–81
Tarhan L, Acar B (2007) Problem-based learning in an eleventh grade chemistry class: “factors affecting cell potential”. Res Sci Technol Educ 25(3):351–369
Taylor E (1997) Building upon the theoretical debate: a critical review of the empirical studies of Mezirow’s transformative learning theory. Adult Educ Q 48(1):34–59
Tessler R, Schwartz S (1972) Help seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: an attributional analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 21(3):318–326
Vallerand R, Bissonnette R (1992) Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: a prospective study. J Pers 60:599–620
Vansteenkiste M, Lens W, Deci E (2006) Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educ Psychol 41(1):19–31
Viau EA (2004) Building a world: an online science learning environment motivates and teaches. Learn Lead Technol 31(5):18–21
Waits T, Lewis L (2003) Distance education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, 2000–2001. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/peqis/publications/2003017/
Wallace L (1996) Changes in the demographics and motivations of distance education students. J Distance Educ 11(1):1–31
Webler M (1992) Perceived academic needs of the nontraditional student in a microcomputer applications course. Delti Pi Epsilon J 34(2):77–82
Weiner B (1985) An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychol Rev 92(4):548–573
West L (1995) Beyond fragments: adults, motivation, and higher education. Stud Educ Adults 27(2):133
Wigfield A, Eccles J (2002) The development of competence beliefs, expectancies for success, and achievement values from childhood through adolescence. In: Wigfield A, Eccles J (eds) Development of achievement motivation. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 91–120
Wlodkowski R (1999) Enhancing adult motivation to learn, Revised Edition edn. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Wong D (2009) Beyond control and rationality: Dewey, aesthetics, motivation, and educative experiences. Teach Coll Rec 109(1):192–220
Yakimovicz AD, Murphy KL (1995) Constructivism and collaboration on the internet: case study of a graduate class experience. Comput Educ 24(3):203–209
Yoon S (2003) In search of meaningful online learning experiences. In: Aragon SR (ed) Facilitating learning in online environments: new directions for adult and continuing education, n. 100. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 19–30
Zemsky R, Massy WF (2004) Thwarted innovation: what happened to e-learning and why. Learning Alliance: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www/irhe.upenn.edu/Docs/Jun2004/ThwartedInnovation.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bannier, B.J. Motivating and Assisting Adult, Online Chemistry Students: A Review of the Literature. J Sci Educ Technol 19, 215–236 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-009-9195-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-009-9195-x