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A Thermodynamic Model for Nd(III)–Sulfate Interaction at High Ionic Strengths and Elevated Temperatures: Applications to Rare Earth Element Extraction

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Abstract

Neodymium (Nd), a rare earth element (REE), is critical to numerous industries. Neodymium can be extracted from ore concentrates, waste materials, or recycled materials such as recycled Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. In a standard process, concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used as an extraction/leaching agent. Therefore, knowledge of Nd(III)–sulfate interaction at high ionic strengths is important for optimization of the extraction process. In addition, sulfate is also a major species in natural surface waters and present in nuclear waste streams. Nd(III) has been used a chemical analog to trivalent actinides in nuclear waste research and development. Consequently, knowledge of Nd(III)-sulfate interactions is also impactful to the field of nuclear waste management. In this study, we have developed a thermodynamic model that can describe the interaction of Nd(III) with sulfate to ionic strengths up to ~ 16.5 mol·kg–1 and to temperatures up to 100 °C. The model adopts the Pitzer formulation to describe activity coefficients of aqueous species. This model can be used to design and optimize a chemical process for REE recovery from ore concentrates, recycled materials, and acid mine drainage (AMD) and to understand the mobility of REEs and actinides in the environment.

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Acknowledgements

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is a multimission laboratory operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA-0003525. This research is funded by the LDRD from SNL (Project # 222400) and by the Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) programs administered by the Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) of the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. The authors are grateful to the journal reviewers for the detailed and insightful reviews, which led to the significant improvement of our paper. We thank Dr. Luigi Paduano, the Editor, for his time and editorial efforts.

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  1. Department of Nuclear Waste Disposal Research and Analysis, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), 1515 Eubank Boulevard SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA

    Yongliang Xiong & Yifeng Wang

  2. Department of Geochemistry, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), 1515 Eubank Boulevard SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA

    Guangping Xu

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Xiong, Y., Xu, G. & Wang, Y. A Thermodynamic Model for Nd(III)–Sulfate Interaction at High Ionic Strengths and Elevated Temperatures: Applications to Rare Earth Element Extraction. J Solution Chem 52, 447–466 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-022-01245-0

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