Abstract
Density measurements of good precision are reported for aqueous and aqueous salt (KBr) solutions containing 2,2,2-cryptand (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) (~0.009 to ~0.24 mol·kg−1) for the binary systems and for the ternary system with ~0.1 mol·kg−1 2,2,2-cryptand and varying KBr concentrations (~0.06 to ~ 0.16 mol·kg−1) at 298.15 K. The density data have been used to study the variation of apparent molar volume (\( \varphi_{V} \)) of 2,2,2-cryptand and of KBr as a function of concentration. 2,2,2-Cryptand is a diamine and hence it is hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions and needs an appropriate methodology to obtain meaningful thermodynamic properties. We have adopted a method of hydrolysis correction developed initially by Cabani et al. and later by Kaulgud et al. to analyze our volumetric data for the aqueous solutions. The method is described and we were successful in obtaining the limiting partial molar volume of the bare (free) cryptand in water at 298.15 K. Volumes of ionization as well as volumes of complexation (with KBr) are calculated. Estimations of the apparent molar volume of 2,2,2-cryptand in CCl4 are also reported. There is a loss in volume for the cryptand on transferring it from CCl4 to water. The volume changes due to ionization for the cryptand in water are calculated to be –20.5 and –0.6 cm3·mol−1 for the mono- and di-protonation equilibria respectively, while the volume of complexation for K+ is +24.5 cm3·mol−1. The results are discussed in terms of conformation, protonation equilibria and selective encapsulation of K+ ions in cryptand cavities. The solution volume properties seem to depend upon water–solute interaction as well on the solute–solute association because of hydrophobic interactions caused by lowering of the charge density on formation of cryptand-K+ species in solution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Special section on supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly. Science 295, 2395–2421 (2002)
Saenger, W.: Cyclodextrin inclusion compounds in research and industry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 19, 344–362 (1980)
Weber, E., Toner, J.L., Goldberg, I., Vögtle, F., Laidler, D., Stoddard, J.F., Bartsch, R.A., Liotta, C.L.: Crown Ethers and Analogues. Wiley, Chichester (1989)
Cram, D.J.: The design of molecular hosts, guests, and their complexes. Science 240, 760–767 (1988)
Lehn, J.M.: Design of organic complexing agents, strategies towards properties. Struct. Bonding 16, 1–69 (1973)
Lehn, J.M.: Cryptates: the chemistry of macropolycyclic inclusion complexes. Acc. Chem. Res. 11, 49–57 (1978)
Lehn, J.M., Sauvage, J.P.: [2]-Cryptates: stability and selectivity of alkali and alkaline-earth macrobicyclic complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 6700–6707 (1975)
Cox, B.G., Garcia-Ross, J., Schneider, H.: Solvent dependence of the stability of cryptate complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 1384–1389 (1981)
Abraham, M.H., Danil De Namor, A.F., Schulz, R.A.: Thermodynamic studies of cryptand 222 and cryptates in water and methanol. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday I 76, 869–884 (1980)
Morel-Desrosiers, N., Morel, J.P.: Volumes of complexation of cryptands with mono- and divalent cations in water and in methanol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 4743–4746 (1981)
Morel-Desrosiers, N., Morel, J.P.: Heat capacities and volumes of monoprotonation and diprotonation of cryptand 222 in water at 298.15 K. J. Phys. Chem. 88, 1023–1027 (1984)
Morel-Desrosiers, N., Morel, J.P.: Heat capacities of alkali and alkaline-earth 222-cryptates in water and methanol at 298.15 K. J. Phys. Chem. 89, 1541–1546 (1985)
Dietrich, B., Lehn, J.M., Sauvage, J.P.: Diaza-polyoxa-macrocycles et macrobicycles. Tetrahedron Lett. 10, 2885–2888 (1969)
Park, C.H., Simmons, H.E.: Macrobicyclic amines. III. Encapsulation of halide ions by in, in-1,(k + 2)-diazabicyclo[k.l.m.]alkane ammonium ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 2431–2432 (1968)
Kolhapurkar, R.R., Patil, P.K., Dagade, D.H., Patil, K.J.: Studies of thermodynamic properties of binary and ternary methanolic solutions containing KBr and 18-crown-6 at 298.15 K. J. Solution Chem. 35, 1357–1376 (2006)
Mootz, D., Albert, A., Schaefgen, S., Staeben, D.: 18-crown-6 and water: crystal structure of a binary hydrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 12045–12046 (1994)
Fukuhara, K., Ikeda, K., Matsuura, H.: Raman spectroscopic study of the conformational equilibria in 18-crown-6 in water: predominant D3d conformation. Specrtochim. Acta Part A 50, 1619–1628 (1994)
Patil, K.J., Kirschgen, T.M., Holz, M., Zeidler, M.D.: Nuclear magnetic relaxation studies for investigating the hydration of 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ethers in aqueous and aqueous salt solutions. J. Mol. Liq. 81, 201–212 (1999)
Patil, K.J., Heil, S.R., Holz, M., Zeidler, M.D.: Self-diffusion coefficient and apparent molar volume studies of crown ethers in aqueous (D2O) and CDCl3 solutions. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 101, 91–95 (1997)
Patil, K., Pawar, R.: Near-infrared spectral studies for investigating the hydration of 18-crown-6 in aqueous solutions. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 2256–2261 (1999)
Patil, K.J., Pawar, R.B., Gokavi, G.S.: Studies of partial molar volumes of 18-crown-6 in water at 25°C. J. Mol. Liq. 75, 143–148 (1998)
Patil, K., Pawar, R., Dagade, D.: Studies of osmotic and activity coefficients in aqueous and CCl4 solutions of 18-crown-6 at 25°C. J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 9606–9611 (2002)
Dagade, D.H., Kolhapurkar, R.R., Terdale, S.S., Patil, K.J.: Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of 18-crown-6 at 298.15 K: enthalpy and entropy effects. J. Solution Chem. 34, 415–426 (2005)
Kowall, T., Geiger, A.: Molecular dynamics simulation study of 18-crown-6 in aqueous solution. 1. Structure and dynamics of the hydration shell. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 6216–6224 (1994)
Ha, Y.L., Chakraborty, A.K.: Effects of solvent polarity and temperature on the conformational statistics of a simple macrocyclic polyether. J. Phys. Chem. 95, 10781–10787 (1991)
Pelc, H.W., Hempelmann, R., Prager, M., Zeidler, M.D.: Dynamics of 18-crown-6 ether in aqueous solution studied by quasielastic neutron scattering. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95, 592–598 (1991)
Terdale, S.S., Dagade, D.H., Patil, K.J.: Thermodynamic studies of molecular interactions in aqueous α-cyclodextrin solutions: application of McMillan–Mayer and Kirkwood–Buff theories. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 18583–18593 (2006)
Terdale, S.S., Dagade, D.H., Patil, K.J.: Activity coefficient studies in ternary aqueous solutions at 298.15 K: H2O + α-cyclodextrin + potassium acetate and H2O + 18-crown-6 + hydroquinone systems. J. Chem. Eng. Data 54, 294–300 (2009)
Dagade, D.H., Kolhapurkar, R.R., Patil, K.J.: Studies of osmotic coefficients and volumetric behaviour on aqueous solutions of β− cyclodextine at 298.15 K. Indian J. Chem. 43A, 2073–2080 (2004)
Kolhapurkar, R., Patil, K.: Studies of volumetric and activity behaviors of binary and ternary aqueous solutions containing β-cyclodextrin and glucose. J. Mol. Liq. 178, 185–191 (2013)
Cabani, S., Conti, G., Lapori, L.: Volumetric properties of aqueous solutions of organic compounds. I. Cyclic ethers and cyclic amines. J. Phys. Chem. 76, 1338–1343 (1972)
Cabani, S., Mollica, V., Lapori, L., Lobo, S.T.: Volume changes in the proton ionization of amines in water. 1. Morpholines and piperazines. J. Phys. Chem. 81, 982–987 (1977)
Kaulgud, M.V., Bhagde, V.S., Shrivastava, A.: Effect of temperature on the limiting excess volumes of amines in aqueous solution. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 78, 313–321 (1982)
Shaikh, V.R., Dagade, D.H., Hundiwale, D.G., Patil, K.J.: Volumetric studies of aqueous solutions of local anesthetical drug compounds [hydrochlorides of procaine (PC·HCl), lidocaine (LC·HCl) and tetracaine (TC·HCl)] at 298.15 K. J. Mol. Liq. 164, 239–242 (2011)
Fortier, J.L., Leduce, P.A., Desnoyers, J.E.: Thermodynamic properties of alkali halides. II. Enthalpies of dilution and heat capacities in water at 25°C. J. Solution Chem. 3, 323–349 (1974)
Garrod, J.E., Herrington, T.M.: Apparent molar volumes and temperatures of maximum density of dilute aqueous sucrose solutions. J. Phys. Chem. 74, 363–370 (1970)
Vaslow, F.: The apparent molal volumes of the alkali metal chlorides in aqueous solution and evidence for salt-induced structure transitions. J. Phys. Chem. 70, 2286–2294 (1966)
Millero, F.J.: In: Horne, R.A. (ed.) Water and Aqueous Solutions Structure, Thermodynamics and Transport Processes, pp. 519–595. Wiley-Interscience, New York (1972)
Herrington, T.M., Mole, E.L.: Apparent molar volumes, temperatures of maximum density and osmotic coefficients of dilute aqueous hexamethylenetetramine solutions. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 78, 213–223 (1982)
Cox, B.G., Knop, D., Schneider, H.: Kinetics of the protolysis of cryptands in basic aqueous solution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 6002–6007 (1978)
Hoiland, H., Ringseth, J.A., Vikingstad, E.: Volume and compressibility changes of complex formation between 18-crown-6 and NaCl, KCl, and CsCl in water. J. Solution Chem. 7, 515–523 (1978)
Hoiland, H., Ringseth, J.A., Brun, T.S.: Cation–crown ether complex formation in water. II. Alkali and alkaline earth cations and 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6. J. Solution Chem. 8, 779–792 (1979)
Jolicoeur, C., Lemelin, L.L., Lapalme, R.: Heat capacity of potassium-crown ether complexes in aqueous solution. Manifestations and quantitative treatment of important relaxational heat capacity effects. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 2806–2808 (1979)
Desnoyers, J.E., Arel, M., Perron, G., Jolicoeur, C.: Apparent molal volumes of alkali halides in water at 25°C. Influence of structural hydration interactions on the concentration dependence. J. Phys. Chem. 73, 3346–3351 (1969)
Zielenkiewicz, W., Kulikov, O.V., Kulis-Cwikla, I.: Excess enthalpies and apparent molar volumes of aqueous solutions of crown ethers and cryptand (222) at 25°C. J. Solution Chem. 22, 963–973 (1993)
Ben-Naim, A.: Solvent induced interactions: hydrophobic and hydrophilic phenomena. J. Chem. Phys. 90, 7412–7425 (1989)
Ben-Naim, A.: Strong forces between hydrophilic macromolecules: implications in biological systems. J. Chem. Phys. 93, 8196–8210 (1990)
Friedman, H.L., Krishnan, C.V.: In: Franks, F. (ed.) Water A Comprehensive Treatise, vol. III, pp. 1–118. Plenum Press, New York (1973)
Redlich, O., Mayer, D.M.: The molal volumes of electrolytes. Chem. Rev. 64, 221–227 (1964)
Cabani, S., Conti, G., Lapori, L., Leva, G.: Volumetric properties of aqueous solutions of organic compounds. II. Chloride salts of cyclic amines. J. Phys. Chem. 76, 1343–1347 (1972)
Padova, J.: Ion–solvent interaction. II. Partial molar volume and electrostriction: a thermodynamic approach. J. Chem. Phys. 39, 1552–1557 (1963)
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Prof. P. P. Mahulikar, Director, School of Chemical Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra (India), for providing all the facilities required for the experimental work. Mr. Vasim R. Shaikh and Mr. Abdul A. acknowledges the University Grants Commission, New Delhi (India), for financial assistance through the Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF) for Minority Students and Research Fellowships in Sciences for Meritorious Students (RFSMS), respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shaikh, V.R., Terdale, S.S., Abdul, A. et al. Volumetric Studies of 2,2,2-Cryptand in Aqueous and Aqueous KBr Solutions at 298.15 K: An Example Involving Solvent-Induced Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions. J Solution Chem 42, 2087–2103 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-013-0096-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-013-0096-5