Abstract
Polycrystalline pure and (1, 3 and 5%) Gd-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesised by simple sol-gel method. The structure, morphology and physico-chemical properties of samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectra, transmission electron microscopy and N2 absorption and desorption isotherms. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements revealed that the samples exhibit extended light absorption frequencies in visible light region. The visible emission of TiO2 is found to be largely dependent on the defects and which were found to be tailored by varying Gd doping concentration. Room temperature magnetic studies reveal the transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic nature which occurs due to the high magnetic moment of Gd ions and its interaction with host lattice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Janisch, R., Gopal, P., Spaldin, N. A: Transition metal-doped TiO2 and ZnO—present status of the field. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 7(27), R657—R689 (2005)
Tseng, L.-T., Luo, X., Tan, T.T., Li, S., Yi, J.: Doping concentration dependence of microstructure and magnetic behaviours in Co-doped TiO2 nanorods. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9(1), 1–10 (2014)
Muralidharan, M., Anbarasu, V., Elaya Perumal, A., Sivakumar, K.: Studies on multifunctional behaviour of Cr doped SrWO4 compounds. J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Electron. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-015-3311-x (2015)
You, M., Kim, T.G., Sung, Y.-M.: Synthesis of Cu-doped TiO2 nanorods with various aspect ratios and dopant concentrations. Cryst. Growth Des. 10, 983–987 (2010)
Matsumoto, Y., Murakami, M., Shono, T., Hasegawa, T., Fukumra, T., Kawasaki, M., Ahmet, P., Chikyow, T., SY, K., Koinuma, H.: Room temperature ferromagnetism in transparent transition metal-doped titanium dioxide. Science 291, 854–856 (2001)
Tian, Z.M., Yuan, S.L., Yin, S.Y., Zhang, S.Q., Xie, H.Y., Miao, J.H., Wang, Y.Q., He, J.H., Li, J.Q.: Synthesis and magnetic properties of vanadium doped anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, L5—L9 (2008)
Patel, S.K.S., Gajbhiye, N.S.: Oxygen deficiency induced ferromagnetism in Cr-doped TiO2 nanorods. J. Magn. Magn. Mater 330, 21–24 (2013)
Glaspell, G., Manivannan, A.: Sol-Gel synthesis and magnetic studies of titanium dioxide doped with 10% M (M = Fe, Mn and Ni). J. Cluster Sci. 16(4), 501–513 (2005)
Santara, B., Pal, B., Giri, P.K.: Signature of strong ferromagnetism and optical properties of Co doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 110(11), 114322 (2011)
Meng, H.J., Hou, D.L., Jia, L.Y., He, X.J., Zhou, H.J., Li, X.L.: Role of oxygen vacancies on ferromagnetism in Fe doped TiO2 thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 102(7), 073905 (2007)
Patel, S.K.S., Kurian, S., Gajbhiye, N.S.: Room-temperature ferromagnetism of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles driven by oxygen vacancy. Mater. Res. Bull. 48, 655–660 (2013)
Patel, S.K.S., Gajbhiye, N.S., Sadgopal, K.: Date: Ferromagnetism of Mn-doped TiO2 nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal method. J. Alloys Compd 509S, S427—S430 (2011)
Rashad, M.M., Elsayed, E.M., Al-Kotb, M.S., Shalan, A.E.: The structural, optical, magnetic and photocatalytic properties of transition metal ions doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Alloys Compd. 581, 71–78 (2013)
Ahmed, S.A.: Annealing effects on structure and magnetic properties of Mn doped TiO2. J. Magn. Magn. Mater 402, 178–183 (2016)
Shi, H., Zhang, P., Li, S.-S., Xia, J.-B.: Magnetic coupling properties of rare-earth metals (Gd, Nd) doped ZnO: first principles calculations. J. Appl. Phys 106, 023910 (2009)
Paul, S., Choudhury, B., Choudhury, A.: Magnetic property study of Gd doped TiO2 nanoparticles. J. Alloys Compd. 601, 201–206 (2014)
Parra, R., Goes, M.S., Castro, M.S., Longo, E., Bueno, P.R., Varela, J.A.: Reaction pathway to the synthesis of anatase via the chemical modification of titanium isopropoxide with acetic acid. Chem. Mater. 20 (1), 143–150 (2008)
Singh, G., Singh, R. C.: Synthesis and characterisation of Gd-doped SnO2 nanostructures and their enhanced gas sensing properties. Ceram. Int. 43(2), 2350–2360 (2017)
Parida, K.M., Sahu, N.: Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of rare earth titania nanocomposites. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 287, 151–158 (2008)
Sumithra, S., Victor Jaya, N.: Band gap tuning and room temperature ferromagnetism in Co doped Zinc stannate nanostructures. Physica B 493, 35–42 (2016)
Xiao, J., Peng, T., Li, R., Peng, Z., Yan, C.: Preparation, phase transformation and photocatalytic activities of cerium-doped mesoporous titania nanoparticles. J. Solid State Chem. 179, 1161–1170 (2006)
Jun, D., Qi, W., Shan, Z., Xin, G., Jiao, L., Haizhi, G., Wenlong, Z., Hailong, P., Jianguo, Z.: Effect of hydroxyl groups on hydrophilic and photocatalytic activities of rare earth doped titanium dioxide thin films. J. Rare Earths 33(2), 148–153 (2015)
Choi, H.C., Tung, Y.M., Kim, S.B.: Size effects in the Raman spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles. Vib. Spectrosc. 37, 33–38 (2005)
Agorku, E.S., Mamba, B.B., Pandey, A.C., Mishra, A.K.: Sulfur/gadolinium-Codoped TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. Journal of Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/289150 (2014)
Tian, F., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Pan, C.: Raman spectroscopy: a new approach to measure the percentage of anatase TiO2 exposed (001) facets. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 7515–7519 (2012)
Li, J., Yang, X., Yu, X., Xu, L., Kang, W., Yan, W., Gao, H., Liu, Z., Guo, Y.: Rare earth oxide-doped titania nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of partially hydrolysis polyacrylamide. Appl. Surf. Sci. 255(6), 3731–3738 (2009)
Reszcz’ynska, J., Grzyb, T., Sobczak, J.W., Lisowski, W., Gazda, M., Ohtani, B., Zaleska, A.: Visible light activity of rare earth metal doped (Er3+, Yb3+ or Er3+/Yb3+) titania photocatalysts. Appl. Catal. B 163, 40–49 (2015)
Kavan, L., Gratzel, M., Rathousky, J., Zukalb, A.: Nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) electrodes: surface morphology, adsorption, electrochemical properties. J. Electrochem. Soc. 143(2), 394–400 (1996)
Jingjing, X., Ao, Y., Fu, D., Yuan, C.: Synthesis of Gd-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under mild condition and their photocatalytic activity. Colloids Surf. A 334(1–3), 107–111 (2009)
Paul, S., Chetri, P., Choudhury, B., Ahmed, G.A., Choudhury, A.: Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity of Gadolinium doped nanocrystalline titania: an experimental and theoretical study. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 439, 54–61 (2015)
Xiao, Q., Si, Z., Yu, Z., Qiu, G.: Sol–gel auto-combustion synthesis of samarium-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 137(1–3), 189–194 (2007)
Jing, W., Liu, Q., Gao, P., Zhu, Z.: Influence of praseodymium and nitrogen co-doping on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Mater. Res. Bull. 46(11), 1997–2003 (2011)
Kralchevska, R., Milanova, M., Hristov, D., Pintar, A., Todorovsky, D.: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of neodymium, nitrogen and neodymium–nitrogen doped TiO2. Mater. Res. Bull. 47(9), 2165–2177 (2012)
Lu, Y.H., Yi, J.B., Feng, Y.P., Herng, T.S., Liu, X., Gao, D.Q., Xue, D.S., Xue, J.M., Ouyang, J.Y., Ding, J.: Room temperature ferromagnetism in Teflon due to carbon dangling bonds. Nat. Commun. 3, 727 (2012)
Ghosh, S., Khan, G.G., Mandal, K., Samanta, A., Nambissan, P.M.G.: Evolution of vacancy-type defects, phase transition, and intrinsic ferromagnetism during annealing of nanocrystalline TiO2 studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 117(16), 8458–8467 (2013)
Murphy, D. M.: EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy of polycrystalline oxide systems. Metal Oxide Catalysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527626113.ch1 (2008)
Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Shi, H., Xiao, T., Yan, Z.: Preparation of highly visible-light active N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 5301–5309 (2010)
Kumar, C.P., Gopal, N.O., Wang, T.C., Wong, M.-S., Ke, S.C.: EPR investigation of TiO2 nanoparticles with temperature-dependent properties. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 5223–5229 (2006)
Singh, V., Sivaramaiah, G., Rao, J.L., Kim, S.H.: Luminescence and EPR studies of Gd3+-activated strong UV-emitting CaZrO3 phosphors prepared via solution combustion method. J. Electron. Mater. 43(9), 3486–3492 (2014)
Aragón, F.H., Chitta, V.A., Coaquira, J.A.H., Hidalgo, P., Brito, H.F.: Long-range ferromagnetic order induced by a donor impurity band exchange in SnO2: Er3+ nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys 114, 203902 (2013)
Wang, W., Hong, Y., Yu, M., Rout, B., Glass, G.A., Tang, J.: Structure and magnetic properties of pure and Gd-doped HfO2 thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 99(8), 08M117 (2006)
Ney, V., Ye, S., Kammermeier, T., Ollefs, K., Wilhelm, F., Rogalev, A., Lebegue, S., da Rosa, A.L., Ney, A.: Structural and magnetic analysis of epitaxial films of Gd-doped ZnO. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter. 85, 235203 (2012)
Ghosh, S., Khan, G.G., Mandal, K.: Defect-driven magnetism in luminescent in n/p-type pristine and Gd-substituted SnO2 nanocrystalline thin films. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 2048–2056 (2012)
Tseng, L.-T., Luo, X., Bao, N., Ding, J., Li, S., Yi, J.: Structures and properties of transition-metal-doped TiO2 nanorods. Mater. Lett. 170, 142–146 (2016)
Tseng, L.-T., Luo, X., Li, S., Yi, J.: Magnetic properties of Sm-doped rutile TiO2 nanorods. J. Alloys Compd. 687, 294–299 (2016)
Vijayaprasath, G., Murugan, R., Hayakawa, Y., Ravi, G.: Optical and magnetic studies on Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method. J. Lumin. 178, 375–383 (2016)
Franco, A. Jr., Pessoni, H.V.S.: Effect of Gd doping on the structural, optical band-gap, dielectric and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Physica B 506, 145–151 (2017)
Adhikari, R., Das, A.K., Karmakar, D., Ghatak, J.: Gd doped SnO2 nanoparticles: structure and magnetism. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322(22), 3631–3637 (2010)
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge DST, New Delhi for providing financial support to carry out this research work under PURSE II scheme. One of the authors, Mrs. Nithyaa. N is thankful to DST, New Delhi for the award of DST-PURSE fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nithyaa, N., Jaya, N.V. Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Gd-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. J Supercond Nov Magn 31, 4117–4126 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-018-4693-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-018-4693-9