Abstract
Sat-Chit-Ananda is an indigenous construct that refers to absolute bliss and consciousness. The present study aimed to strengthen the psychometric properties of the newly developed Sat-Chit-Ananda scale (Singh et al. in Int J Vedic Found Manag 1(2):54–74, 2014). A total of 398 students aged 17–36 years (mean age = 21.33 years, SD = 2.2, 70% males) participated in this study. An exploratory as well as confirmatory factor analysis was computed for the 17-item scale. Its’ concurrent validity was established by assessing its correlation with other well-being measures, namely Flourishing (Diener et al. in Soc Indic Res 97:143–156 2010) and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (Diener et al. 2010). Satisfactory results were obtained from both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Sat-Chit-Ananda and its factors were found to be significantly positively correlated with Flourishing and Positive Experiences and were negatively correlated with Negative Experiences. Thus, the validity of the Sat-Chit-Ananda (Singh et al. 2014) scale stands further substantiated—offering this scale as a promising new assessment tool.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banavathy, V. K., & Choudry, A. (2014). Understanding happiness: A vedantic perspective. Psychological Studies, 59(2), 141–152.
Census of India. (2001). Language-2001 Census. Retrieved April 9, 2015, from Census of India online via access: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/press/DataHighlghts.pdf
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factory analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16–29.
Dalal, A. K., & Misra, G. (2006). Psychology of health and well-being: Some emerging perspectives. Psychological Studies, 51(2–3), 91–104.
Deković, M., Janssens, J. M., & Gerris, J. R. (1991). Factor structure and construct validity of the Block Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR). Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(2), 182.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
Gergen, K. J., Gulerce, A., Lock, A., & Misra, G. (1996). Psychological science in cultural context. American Psychologist, 51, 496–503.
Geuens, M., & Pelsmacker, P. D. (2002). Validity and reliability of scores on the reduced emotional intensity scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(2), 299–315.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation to sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265.
Holden, R. R., Fekken, G. C., & Cotton, D. H. (1991). Assessing psychopathology using structured test-item response latencies. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 111.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.
Kumar, S. K. K. (2003). An Indian conception of well-being. In J. Henry (Ed.), European positive psychology proceedings. Leicester: British Psychological Society.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149.
Roussos, P. (2007). The Greek Computer Attitudes Scale: Construction and assessment of psychometric properties. Computers in Human Behaviour, 23(1), 578–590.
Silva, A. J., & Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 469–478. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y.
Singh, K., Khari, C., Amonkar, R. S., Arya, N. K., & Kumar, S. K. (2014). Development and validation of a new scale: Sat-Chit-Ananda scale. International Journal on Vedic Foundations of Management, 1(2), 54–74.
Singh, J. K., Misra, G., & De Raad, B. (2013). Personality structure in the trait lexicon of Hindi, a major language spoken in India. European Journal of Personality, 27, 605–620.
Singh, K., & Slezackova, A. (2013). Relationship between gunas and mental health, flourishing, positive and negative experience: An Indian and Western perspective. Poster presented at Second International Conference on Positive Psychology in Czech Rebublic, CPPC. May 22–24, 2013.
Smith, H. (1958). The religions of man. New York: Harper & Row.
Srivastava, A. K., & Misra, G. (2011). Happiness and well-being: An Indian perspective. In G. Misra (Ed.), Handbook of psychology in India (pp. 299–310). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Cultural constructions of happiness: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 223–239.
Vedanta Society of Northern California. (2002). What is Vedanta?. San Francisco, CA: Vedanta Society.
Wolf, D. B. (1998). The vedic personality inventory: A study of the gunas. Journal of Indian Psychology, 16, 26–43.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, K., Khanna, P., Khosla, M. et al. Revalidation of the Sat-Chit-Ananda Scale. J Relig Health 57, 1392–1401 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0328-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0328-2