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Research progress and potential materials of porous thick electrode with directional structure for lithium-sulfur batteries

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Abstract

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have received much attention due to their high energy density (2600 Wh Kg−1). Extensive efforts have been made to further enhance the overall energy density by increasing S loading. Thick electrodes can substantially improve the loading mass of S, which offers new ideas for designing Li–S batteries. However, the poor ion transport performance in thick electrodes results in significantly electrochemical performance deterioration. Converting thick electrodes into the electrodes with high directional channels can effectively address the problems caused by the increase in electrode thickness. In this review, the recent progress of thick electrodes with oriented structures for Li–S batteries is reviewed. As a newly developed electrode, some materials that have the potential for fabricating thick electrode for Li–S batteries are summarized, here focusing on carbon-based materials, we discuss the prospects of porous carbon materials with oriented structures for thick electrodes, and look forward to their future, opportunities and challenges. Finally, a point of view on the development of directional structured thick electrodes is presented.

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Fig. 1

Data reproduced from Ref. [70]. b Schematic of a Li–S battery with electrode configuration I. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [71]. c Summary of the effects of polysulfide dissolution, shuttle phenomenon, effect on the cathode, insoluble products upon charge and discharge. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [72]. d Structure transformation of sulfur, Electrochemistry of sulfur showing an ideal charge–discharge profile, and inset denotes polysulfide (PS) shuttle. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [73]. e Relationship between the theoretical upper limit E/S ratio and areal sulfur loading at different sulfur cathode densities, The figure is reprinted from Ref. [74]

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

The figure is reprinted from Ref. [117]. b The schematics of the electrode fabrication process through lyophilization and incorporating carbon fibers [78]. c Schematic showing the transport of Li+ and electron in the VACNT/S and DCNT/S electrodes. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [117]

Fig. 8

The figure is reprinted from Ref. [32]. b Schematic illustration and photograph of the flexible self-supporting GS/S paper. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [86]. c Schematic illustration for the synthetic procedure of SPAN/CNT electrodes. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [136]. d (i) The synthetic mechanism of selenium-doped PDATtSSe polymer as cathodes for lithium–organosulfur batteries, where m and n indicate the degree of polymerization. (ii) The presence of molecule CH2 = CHCH2SSSeH (m/z = 182, 183, 184, 186, and 188) was confirmed according to the abundance of Se isotopes. (iii) 1H NMR full spectra of the DADS monomer (green line) and PDATtSSe polymer (red line). The figure is reprinted from Ref. [137]. e Schematic illustration for the formation of S-TTCN composite: (1) Uniform coating a solid SiO2 layer and a porous SiO2 layer embedded with C 18 TMS molecules on MWNTs; (2) formation of porous carbon nanotube by carbonization of C 18 TMS; (3) etching SiO2 layers to obtain tube-in-tube carbon nanostructure (TTCN) with MWNTs encapsulated within hollow porous carbon nanotube; (4) sulfur infused into TTCN to fabricate S-TTCN composite. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [85]. f A schematic illustration of the experimental procedure and the formation of the ideal mesoporous structure of OMCF. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [39]. j Schematic illustration for the preparation of HCFs with adjustable pore sizes as the sulfur host [84] (Color figure online)

Fig. 9

The figure is reprinted from Ref. [150]. b TEM images of HCS annealed under different atmosphere: (i), (ii) HCS; (iii), (iv) PHCS. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [151]. c TEM images of (i) mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (ii) C@S nanocomposite and (iii) EDX analysis of C@S nanocomposite showing the presence of sulfur. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [53]. d Schematic illustration of the assembled process of the HCNSs. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [93]. e Schematic illustration of the preparation procedure of S@HNC hybrid. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [75]

Fig. 10

The figure is reprinted from Ref. [153]. b Schematic illustrations for the synthesis of HPCM: (i) hard-templating strategy, (ii) soft-templating strategy, and (iii) self-templating strategy. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [154]. c Schematic illustration: the hard-templating procedures for the synthesis of HCSF and HCSF@C. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [94]. d Double-shell hollow carbon with high surface area and porosity. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [52]. e Schematic illustration of an in-situ strategy for the preparation of 3D S@PGC composites [156]

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52172250, 51972306).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Bioscience and Engineering, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, 050061, People’s Republic of China

    Jing Li, Lupeng Liu & Qiao Qin

  2. School of Public Finance and Taxation, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang, 050061, People’s Republic of China

    Jing Li

  3. State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China

    Jian Qi, Qingsheng Zhao, Bao Wang & Shumin Zheng

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JL and LL wrote the main manuscript text and prepared Figs. 1–8. JQ, QZ, SZ, QQ and BW proposed revisions to the article. All authors contributed to the study. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Li, J., Liu, L., Qi, J. et al. Research progress and potential materials of porous thick electrode with directional structure for lithium-sulfur batteries. J Porous Mater 29, 1727–1746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-022-01314-1

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