Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Morphological characterization of foamed natural filler-reinforced styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) composites

  • Published:
Journal of Porous Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the foaming of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) matrix composites with a physical foaming agent, created during the reactive extrusion of natural fillers and SMA. The effect of lubricant on the foaming of SMA composites was also investigated. Whether particle’s crystallinity and hydroxyl number had any effect on cell size and cell density was also studied. The results showed that the greatest cell size and expansion occurred in the starch reinforced SMA composite which also exhibited the highest hydroxyl number and water by-product from reactive extrusion. Whereas microcrystalline cellulose-SMA composite exhibited the least cell number and expansion after extrusion because of the high crystallinity of MCC and the low hydroxyl number. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the cell distribution in foamed samples was heterogeneous and cell density increased from the core to skin layer. The results showed that hydroxyl number has an important effect on foaming and cell nucleation of the composites, and cell properties changed with filler’s percentage crystallinity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. Klempner, K.C. Frisch, Handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology (Oxford University Press, New York, 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. Leonard, C. Calberg, G. Kerckhofs, M. Wevers, R. Jerome, J.-P. Pirard, A. Germain, S. Blacher, J. Porous Mater. 15, 397–403 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G.Q. Lu, A.M. XIAO, J. Porous Mater. 6, 359–368 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. A.H. Landrock, Handbook of plastic foams: types, properties, manufacture and applications (Noyes Publications, New Jersey, 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  5. S.T. Lee, Foam extrusion: principles and practice (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000), p. 344

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Chang, Z. Wang, C. Zheng, X. Gong, J. Porous Mater. 20, 1283–1287 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. R.W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Application, 1st edn. (McGraw Hill, New York, 2000), p. 368

    Google Scholar 

  8. J.L. Hedrick, K.R. Carter, J.W. Labadie, R.D. Miller, W. Volksen, C.J. Hawker, D.Y. Yoon, T.P. Russel, J.E. McGrath, R.M. Briber, Adv. Polym. Sci. 141(1), 4–43 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  9. B.A. Higgins, W.J. Brittain, Eur. Polymer. J. 41(5), 889–893 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C.B. Park, L.K. Cheung, S.W. Song, Cell. Polym. 17(4), 221–251 (1998)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.D. Han, Y.W. Kim, K.D. Malhotra, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20(6), 1583–1595 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. Punnathannam, D.S. Corti, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41, 1113–1121 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Sumarno Sato, S. Takishima, H.J. Masuoka, Appl. Polym. Sci. 77(11), 2383–2395 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Y. Han, D. Gardner, Foamed styrene-based wpc using physical blowing agent created during reactive extrusion. 10th International Conference on Wood and Bio fiber Plastic Composites and Cellulose Nanocomposites Symposium. May 11–13, Madison, WI (2010)

  15. J. Simonsen, R. Jacobsen, R. Rowell. Wood fiber reinforcement of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. The Fourth International Conference on Wood fiber-Plastic Composites. May 12–14, the Madison Concourse Hotel, Madison, WI (1998)

  16. C.L. Bianchi, V. Ragaini, C. Pirola, G. Carvoli, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 40(2), 93–99 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. C.I.R. Boissard, P.E. Bourban, P. Tingaut, T. Zimmermann, J.S. Manson, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30(8), 709–719 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Rizvi, L. Matuana, C.B. Park, Polym. Eng. Sci. 40(10), 2124–2132 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. C.D. Chow, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20(6), 1619–1626 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A.K. Mohanty, L.T. Drzal, M. Misra, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21, 1885–1888 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J.Z. Lu, Q. Wu, H.S. McNabb, Wood Fiber Sci. 32(1), 88–104 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  22. W.T. Tze, D.J. Gardner, Wood Fiber Sci. 33(3), 364–376 (2001)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Rabiej, Fibres Text. East. Eur. 11(5), 83–87 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  24. C.B. Park, A.H. Behravesh, R.D. Venter, Polym. Eng. Sci. 38(11), 1812–1823 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C.B. Park, S. Doroudiani, M.T. Kortschot, Polym. Eng. Sci. 38(7), 1205–1215 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. R.W. Decker, J. Vinyl Add. Tech. 2(2), 121–124 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. J. Reignier, R. Gendron, M. Champagne, Blowing Agents and Foaming Processes, Extrusion foaming of poly (lactic acid) blown with CO2: toward 100 % green material, Session 3, Paper 8, 16–17 May, Munich, Germany (2006)

  28. V. Sendijarevic, D. Klempner, Polymeric foams and foam technology (Hanser Gardner Publication Ltd, USA, 2004), p. s552

    Google Scholar 

  29. A.S. Michaels, H.J. Bixler, J. Polym. Sci. 50, 393–412 (1961)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. A.S. Michaels, H.J. Bixler, J. Polym. Sci. 50, 413–439 (1961)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. F.J. Moscoso-Sánchez, O.J. Ríos, J. Flores, L. Martínez, V.V.A. Fernández, A. Barrera, G. Canché-Escamilla, Polym. Bull. (2012). doi:10.1007/s00289-012-0878-8

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. Antunes, V. Realinho, J.I. Velasco, J. Nanomater. 2010, 1–5 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Doroudiani, C.B. Park, M. Kortschot, Polym. Eng. Sci. 36, 34–41 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. X. Han, C. Zeng, L.J. Lee, K.W. Koelling, D.L. Tomasko, Polym. Eng. Sci. 43(6), 1261–1275 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. P.H. Nam, P. Maiti, M. Okamoto, T. Kotaka, T. Nakayama, M. Takada, M. Ohshima, A.N. Usuki Hasegawa, H. Okamoto, Polym. Eng. Sci. 42(9), 1907–1918 (2002)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK–BIDEB) and Bartin university has been greatly acknowledged for the scholarship of the researcher Deniz Aydemir to do this study at the University of Maine. The authors thank Chris West and Wesley Bison for the sample preparation. The authors would also like to thank Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station (MAFES) Projects ME09615-08MS and the Wood Utilization Research Hatch 2007–2008 Project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, University of Bartin, 74100, Bartin, Turkey

    Deniz Aydemir, Alper Kiziltas & Gokhan Gunduz

  2. Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA

    Alper Kiziltas, Douglas J. Gardner & Yousoo Han

Authors
  1. Deniz Aydemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alper Kiziltas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Douglas J. Gardner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yousoo Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gokhan Gunduz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deniz Aydemir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aydemir, D., Kiziltas, A., Gardner, D.J. et al. Morphological characterization of foamed natural filler-reinforced styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) composites. J Porous Mater 21, 1059–1067 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-014-9856-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-014-9856-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation