Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Models of Return to Work for Musculoskeletal Disorders

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 16 March 2007

Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal pain disorders are the most prevalent, costly, disabling, and commonly researched conditions in the workplace, yet the development of overarching conceptual models of return to work (RTW) in these conditions has been lagging. Method: A critical review of the literature was performed using multiple medical and health search engines in order to provide an evaluation of the evolution and the state of the art of health and disability models with a focus on specific models of RTW. Results: The main tenets, implications for diagnosis, treatment, and disability compensation, are the key perspectives analyzed for the following specific models of RTW: biomedical, psychosocial, forensic, ecological/case management, biopsychosocial, and two more recent models developed by the Institute of Medicine and the World Health Organization, respectively. Conclusions: Future development of models that are truly transdisciplinary, and address temporal and multidimensional aspects of occupational disability, remains a goal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. U.S. Department of Labor. Lost-worktime injuries and illnesses: Characteristics and resulting time away from work, 1998, Publication USDL 00–115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor; 2000.

  2. ICD9.chrisendres.com. 2006 ICD-9-CM: Medical Dictionary. 2006. Accessed 01/08/2007 [Available from: http://medical.webends.com/kw/musculoskeletal%20system]

  3. Noy D. Department of Classics – Masters degree in ancient philosophy and mythology ancient medicine: Myth and practice. 2002 [cited 2006 August 15]; Available from: http://www.lamp.ac.uk/∼noy/Medicine1.htm

  4. McKee B. Disability culture timeline: A brief history. 2003 [cited 2006 August 15]; Available from: http://www.chairgrrl.com/DisabilityTimeline/index.htm

  5. Descartes R. Treatise of Man; 1629.

  6. Descartes R. Discourse on method and the meditations. Translated by John Veitch. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 1965;50:971–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Brody H. The systems view of man: Implications for medicine, science, and ethics. Perspect Biol Med 1973;17(1):71–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977;196(4286):129–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Melzack R. Pain and stress: A new perspective. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC (eds). Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Imrie R. Demystifying disability: A review of the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Sociol Health Illn 2004;26(3):287–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Young AE, Roessler RT, Wasiak R, McPherson KM, Poppel MNM, Anema JR. A developmental conceptualization of return to work. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):557–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Krause N, Dasinger LK, Deegan LJ, Rudolph L, Brand RJ. Psychosocial job factors and return-to-work after compensated low back injury: A disability phase-specific analysis. Am J Ind Med 2001;40(4):374–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Krause N, Frank JW, Dasinger LK, Sullivan T, Sinclair SJ. Determinants of duration of disability and return to work after work-related injury and illness: Challenges for future research. Am J Ind Med 2001;40:464–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Franche RL, Krause N. Readiness for return to work following injury or illness: Conceptualizing the interpersonal impact of health care, workplace, and insurance factors. J Occup Rehabil 2002;12(4):233–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Young A, Wasiak R, Roessler R, McPherson K, Anema J, van Poppel M. Return-to-work outcomes following work disability: Stakeholder motivations, interests and concerns. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):543–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stowell AW, McGeary DD. Musculoskeletal injury: A three-stage continuum from cause to disability to decision. In: Schultz IZ, Gatchel RJ (eds). Handbook of complex occupational disability claims: Early risk, identification, intervention, and prevention. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 117–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Linton S, Gross D, Schultz I, Main C, Cote P, Pransky G, Johnson W. Prognosis and the identification of workers risking disability: Research issues and directions for future research. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):469–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Baldwin ML, Johnson WG, Butler RJ. The error of using returns-to-work to measure the outcomes of health care. Am J Ind Med 1996;29(632–641).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Crook J, Milner R, Schultz IZ, Stringer B. Determinants of occupational disability following a low back injury: A critical review of the literature. J Occup Rehabil 2002;12(4):277–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schultz IZ, Crook JM, Berkowitz J, Meloche GR, Milner R, Zuberbier OA. Biopsychosocial multivariate predictive model of occupational low back disability. Spine 2002;27(23):2720–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bickenbach JE, Chatterji S, Badley EM, Ustun TB. Models of disablement, universalism and the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Soc Sci Med 1999;48:1173–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tate D, Pledger C. An integrative conceptual framework of disability. Am Psychol 2003;58:289–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Olkin R, Pledger C. Can disability studies and psychology join hands? A new model of disability. Am Psychol 2003;58:296–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Verbrugge LM, Jette AM. The disablement process. Soc Sci Med 1994;38(1):1–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Abberley P. The concept of oppression and the development of a social theory of disability. Disabil Handicap Soc 1987;2(1):5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Meyerson L. The social psychology of the physical disability: 1948 and 1988. J Soc Issues 1988;44(1):173–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hughes B, Paterson K. The social model of disability and the disappearing body: Towards a sociology of impairment. Disabil Handicap Soc 1997;12(3):325–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Fougeyrollas P, Bouregard L. Disability: An interactive person-environment social creation. Handbook of disability studies. London: Sage; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schultz IZ, Crook J, Fraser K, Joy PW. Models of diagnosis and rehabilitation in musculoskeletal pain-related occupational disability. J Occup Rehabil 2000;10(4):271–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Fine M, Asch A. Disability beyond stigma: Social interaction, discrimination, and activism. J Soc Issues 1988;44(1):3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Leibowitz G. Organic and biophysical theories of behavior. J Dev Phys Disabil 1991;3:201–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Turk DC. Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC (eds). Psychological approaches to pain management. New York: Guilford Press; 1996. p. 3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kelly M, Field D. Comments on the rejection of the biomedical model in sociological discourse. Med Sociol News 1994;19(3):34–7.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hunt D, Zuberbier OA, Kozlowski A, Berkowitz J, Schultz IZ, Milner RA, Crook JM, Turk DC. Are components of a comprehensive medical assessment predictive of work disability following an episode of occupational low back trouble? Spine 2002;27(23):2715–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Robinson JP, Turk DC, Loeser JD. Pain, impairment, and disability in the AMA guidelines. J Law Med Ethics 2004;32(2):315–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cocchiarella L, Andersoon GBJ (eds). Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment. 5th ed. Chicago, Illinois: AMA Press; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cocchiarella L, Turk MA, Andersson G. Improving the evaluation of permanent impairment. J Am Med Assoc 2000;283:532–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pransky G, Shaw WS, Franche R, Clarke A. Disability prevention and communication among workers, physicians, employers, and insurers: Current models and opportunities for improvement. Disabil Rehabil 2004;26(11):625–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Boorse C. Concepts of health. In: Van de Veer D, Regan T (eds.), Health care ethics: An introduction. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 1987. p. 359–93.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Polatin PB, Kinney RK, Gatchel RJ, Lillo E, Mayer TG. Psychiatric illness and chronic low-back pain. The mind and the spine – Which goes first? Spine 1993;18(1):66–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Shaw WS, Feuerstein M, Lincoln AE, Miller VI, Wood PM. Case management services for work-related upper extremity disorders: Integrating workplace accommodation and problem-solving. AAOHN J 2001;49:378–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pergola T, Salazar MK, Graham KY, Brines J. Case management services for injured workers: Providers’ perspectives. AAOHN J 1999;47(9):397–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Salazar MK, Graham KY. Evaluation of a case management program. AAOHN J 1999;47(9):416–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Tsai JH, Salazar MK, Graham KY, Brines J. Case management for injured workers: A descriptive study using a record review. AAOHN J 1999;47(9):405–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brines J, Salazar MK, Graham KY, Pergola T. Return to work experience of injured workers in a case management program. AAOHN J 1999;47(8):365–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Green-McKenzie J, Parkerson J, Bernacki E. Comparison of workers’ compensation costs for two cohorts of injured workers before and after the introduction of managed care. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40: 568–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bernacki EJ, Tsai SP. Ten years’ experience using workers’ compensation case management system to control workers’ compensation costs. J Occup Environ Med 2003;45(5):508–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. 61 U.S.L.W. 4805; 1993.

  50. Wikipedia. Daubert Standard. 2006 [cited 2006 August 13]; Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Daubert_Standard

  51. Schultz IZ, Brady DO. Psychological injuries at trial: American Bar Association: Tort trial and insurance practice section; 2003.

  52. Hadjistavropoulos T, Bieling P. File review consultation in the adjudication of mental health and chronic pain disability claims. Consult Psychol J: Pract Res 2001;52(1):53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sherman JF, Ohrback R. Objective and subjective measurement of pain: Current approaches to forensic applications. In: Young G, Kane AW, Nicholson K (eds.), Psychological knowledge in court: PTSD, pain, and TBI. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 193–214.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. Dersh J, Polatin PB, Leeman G, Gatchel RJ. The management of secondary gain and loss in medicolegal settings: Strengths and weaknesses. J Occup Rehabil 2004;14(4):267–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Schultz IZ, Gatchel R (eds.). Handbook of complex occupational disability claims: Early risk identification, intervention, and prevention. New York: Springer; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Baril R, Berthelette D. Les composantes et les déterminants organisationnels des interventions de maintien du lien d’emploi en enterprise. Montréal: Institut de recherche en santé et en sécurité du travail du Québec; 2000; Rapport No. R-238.

  57. Schultz IZ, Crook J, Meloche GR, Berkowitz J, Milner R, Zuberbier OA, Meloche W. Psychosocial factors predictive of occupational low back disability: Towards development of a return-to-work model. Pain 2004;107:77–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, Koes B. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain among working age adults (Review): The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2003.

  59. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bandura A. The social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sandstrom J, Esbjornsson E. Return to work after rehabilitation. The significance of the patient’s own prediction. Scand J Rehabil Med 1986;18:29–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Cole DC, Mondloch MV, Group EPM. Listening to workers: How recovery expectations predict outcomes. Can Med Assoc J 2002;166:749–54.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Turner J, Franklin G, Fulton-Kehoe D, Sheppard L, Wickizer T, Wu R, Gluck J, Egan K. Worker recovery expectations and fear-avoidance predict work disability in a population-based workers’ compensation back pain sample. Spine 2006;31(6):682–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Burton AK, Tilloston KM, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine 1995;20:722–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Linton S. A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine 2000;25:1148–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Turk DC, Gatchel RJ. Psychosocial assessment of chronic occupational musculoskeletal disorders. In: Mayer TM, Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, (eds.), Occupational musculoskeletal disorders: Function, outcomes & evidence. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 587–608.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Jensen M, Romano J, Turner J, Good A, Wald L. Patient beliefs predict patient functioning: Further support for a cognitive-behavioral model of chronic pain. Pain 1999;81:95–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Haldorsen E, Indahl A, Ursin H. Patients with low back pain not returning to work: A 12-month follow up study. Spine. 1998;23:1202–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Feuerstein M, Thebarge RW. Perceptions of disability and occupational stress as discriminators of work disability in patients with chronic pain. J Occup Rehabil 1991;1:185–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Sullivan MJL, Feuerstein M, Gatchel RJ, Linton SJ, Pransky G. Integrating psychosocial and behavioral interventions to achieve optimal rehabilitation outcomes. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):475–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Franche R, Baril R, Shaw WS, Nicholas M, Loisel P. Workplace-based return-to-work interventions: Optimizing the role of stakeholders in implementation and research. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):525–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Loisel P, Durand M-J, Berthelette D, Vézina N, Baril R, Gagnon D, Larivière C, Tremblay C. Disability prevention: The new paradigm of management of occupational back pain. Dis Manag Health Outcomes 2001;9(7):351–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Loisel P, Buchbinder R, Hazard R, Keller R, Scheel I, van Tulder M, Webster B. Prevention of work disability due to musculoskeletal disorders: The challenge of implementing evidence. J Occup Rehabil 2005;15(4):507–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Steentra IA, Anema JR, van Tulder MW, Bongers P, de Vet H, van Mechelen W. Economic evaluation of a multi-stage return to work program for workers on sick leave due to low back pain. J Occup Rehabil 2006;4:557–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Friesen M, Yassi A, Cooper J. Return to work: The importance of human interactions and organizational structures. Work. 2001;17(1):11–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Krause N, Ragland DR. Occupational disability due to low back pain: A new interdisciplinary classification used in a phase model of disability. Spine 1994;19:1011–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shrey D, Lacerte M. Principles and practices of disability management in industry. Winter Park, FL: GR Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Amick BI, Habeck R, Hunt A, Fossel A, Chapin A, Keller R, Katz J. Measuring the impact of organizational behaviors on work disability prevention and management. J Occup Rehabil 2000;10(1):21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Bruyère S, Shrey D. Disability management in industry: A joint labor-management process. Rehabil Couns Bull 1991;34(3):227–42.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Shrey D. Workplace disability management in industrial rehabilitation: An overview. In: Lacerte DESM, (ed.), Principles and practices of disability management in industry. Winter Park, FL: PMD Publishers Group; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hunt A, Habeck R. The Michigan Disability Prevention study: Research highlights. Upjohn Institute Staff Working Paper 93–18; 1993. May 4, 2006 [cited; Available from: http://www.pjohninst.org/ publications/wp/93–18.pdf]

  83. Hunt H, Habeck R, VanTol B, Scully S. Disability prevention among Michigan employers (Upjohn Institute technical report no. 93–004). Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research; 1993.

  84. Feuerstein M, Shaw W, Lincoln A, Miller V, Wood P. Clinical and workplace factors associated with a return to modified duty in work-related upper extremity disorders. Pain 2003;102(1–2):51–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lincoln AE, Feuerstein M, Shaw WS, Miller VI. Impact of case manager training on worksite accommodations in workers’ compensation claimants with upper extremity disorders. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44(3):237–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Shaw WS, Feuerstein M, Lincoln A, Miller V, Wood P. Case management services for work related upper extremity disorders: Integrating workplace accommodation and problem solving. AAOHN J 2001;49(8):378–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Butler RJ, Johnson WG, Baldwin ML. Managing work disability: Why first return to work is not a measure of success. Ind Labor Relat Rev 1995;48(3):452–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Baldwin ML, Johnson WG. Labor market discrimination against women with disabilities. Ind Relat 1995;34(4):555–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Chirikos T, Nestel G. Economic determinants and consequences of self-reported work disability. J Health Econ 1984;3(2):117–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Johnson WG, Baldwin ML. The Americans with Disabilities Act: Will it make a difference? Policy Stud J 1993;21(4):775–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Hergenrather KC, Rhodes SD, McDaniel S, Brown CD. Job placement: The development of theory-based measures. J Rehabil 2003;69(4):27–34.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Wunderlich G, Rice D, Amado N. Dynamics of disability: Measuring and monitoring disability for social security programs. Washington D.C.: The National Academy Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace-Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education-National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IOM). Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities. Chapter II – Interventions in the workplace, p. 301–329. 2001. Accessed August 8, 2006 [Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10032.html#orgs]

  94. Bongers PM, de Winter CR, Kompier MAJ, Hildebrandt VH. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 1993;19:297–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Gatchel RJ, Polatin P, Mayer T. The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 1995;20(24):2702–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hoogendoorn W, Bongers P, de Vet H, Houtman I, Ariens G, van Mechelen W, Bouter L. Psychosocial work characteristics and psychological strain in relation to low-back pain. Scand J Work, Environ Health 2001;27(4):258–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ. Functional restoration for spinal disorders: The sports medicine approach. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Feuerstein M, Callan-Harris S, Hickey P, Dyer D, Armbruster W, Carosella A. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation of chronic work-related upper extremity disorders. J Occup Med 1993;35:396–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Feuerstein M. A multidisciplinary approach to the prevention, evaluation, and management of work disability. J Occup Rehabil 1991;1(1):5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Frank JW, Kerr MS, Brooker A-S, DeMaio SE, Maetzel A, Shannon HS, Sullivan TJ, Norman RW, Wells RP. Disability resulting from occupational low back pain. Part I. What do we know about primary prevention? A Review of the scientific evidence on prevention before disability begins. Spine 1996;21(24):2908–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Frank JW, Brooker A-S, DeMaio SE, Kerr MS, Maetzel A, Shannon HS, Sullivan TJ, Norman RW, Wells RP. Disability resulting from occupational low back pain. Part II: What do we know about secondary prevention? A review of the scientific evidence on prevention after disability begins. Spine 1996;21(24):2918–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Frank J, Sinclair S, Hogg-Johnson S, Beaton D, Cole D. Preventing disability from work-related low-back pain: New evidence gives new hope – if we can just get all the players on the same side. Can Med Assoc J 1998;158(12):1625–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Kinney RK. Predicting outcome of chronic back pain using clinical predictors of psychopathology: A prospective analysis. Health Psychol 1995;14(5):415–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Pengel L, Herbert R, Maher C, Refshauge K. Acute low back pain: Systematic review of its prognosis. Br Med J 2003;327(1–5):323–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Turner JA, Franklin G, Turk D. Predictors of chronic disability in injured workers: A systematic literature synthesis. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38(707–722).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Franklin G, Turner J, Fulton-Kehoe D, Wickizer T, Egan K, Rae W. Predictors of long-term disability among workers with musculoskeletal disorders. 2006 [cited 2006 August 13]; Available from: http://depts.washington.edu/occepi/projects/predictorsLongTermDis.html

  107. Main CJ, Spanswick CC. Pain Management: An interdisciplinary approach. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Turk DC, Monarch ES. Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain. In: Turk DC, Gatchel RJ (eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Gatchel RJ. Psychological disorders and chronic pain: Cause and effect relationships. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC (eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook. New York: Guilford; 1996. p. 33–52.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Jones M, Edwards I, Gifford L. Conceptual models for implementing biopsychosocial theory in clinical practice. Manual Ther 2002;7(1):2–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Dersh J, Gatchel RJ, Kishino N. The role of tertiary gain in pain disability. Practical Pain Management. 2005;Sept/Oct:13–28.

  112. Morris DB. Illness and culture in the postmodern age. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California; 1998.

  113. Feuerstein M, Zastowny T. Occupational rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary management of work-related musculoskeletal pain and disability. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DC (eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook. New York: Guilford Press, xvi; 1996. p. 458–85.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Schulman M. Worklessness and disability: Expansion of the biopsychosocial perspective. J Occup Rehabil 1994;4(2):113–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Feuerstein M, Berkowitz J, Haufler A, Lopez M, Huang G. Work with low back pain: Workplace and individual psychosocial determinants of limited duty and lost time. Am J Ind Med 2001;40:627–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Feuerstein M, Berkowitz S, Huang G. Predictors of occupational low back disability: Implications for secondary prevention. J Occup Environ Med 1999;41:1024–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Shaw WS, Feuerstein M, Lincoln AE, Miller VI, Wood PM. Ergonomic and psychosocial factors affecting daily function in workers’ compensation claimants with persistent upper-extremity disorders. J OccupEnviron Med 2002;44(7):606–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Hagen K, Thune O. Work incapacity from low back pain in the general population [Epidemiology]. Spine 1998;23(19):2091–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Williams DA, Feuerstein M, Durbin D, Pezzullo J. Costs across the natural history of disability in occupational low back pain. Spine 1998;23(21):2329–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Franche R, Krause N. Readiness for return to work following injury or illness. In: Schultz I, Gatchel R (eds.), Handbook of complex occupational disability claims: Early risk identification, intervention, and prevention. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 67–92.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  121. Dasinger LK, Krause N, Thompson PJ, Brand RJ, Rudolph L. Doctor proactive communication, return to work recommendation, and duration of disability after a workers’ compensation low back injury. J Occup Environ Med 2001;43(6):515–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. McIntosh G, Frank J, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C. Prognostic factors for time receiving workers’ compensation benefits in a cohort of patients with low back pain. Spine 2000;25(2):147–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Toward an integrative model. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983;51:390–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Johnson WG, Baldwin ML, Butler RJ. Back pain and work disability: The need for a new paradigm. Ind Relat 1998;37(1):9–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Pransky G, Benjamin K, Hill-Fotouhi C, Fletcher KE, Himmelstein J, Katy JN. Work-related outcomes in occupational low back pain: A multidimensional analysis. Spine 2002;27:864–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Wasiak R, Pransky G, Verma S, Webster B. Recurrence of low back pain: Definition-sensitivity analysis using administrative data. Spine 2003;28:2283–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Steiner WA, Ryser L, Huber E, Uebelhart D, Aeschlimann A, Stucki G. Use of the ICF model as a clinical problem-solving tool in physical therapy and rehabilitation medicine. Phys Ther 2002;82(11):1098–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): ICF full report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.

  129. Dahl T. International classification of functioning, disability and health: An introduction and discussion of its potential impact on rehabilitation services and research. J Rehabil Med 2002;34:201–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. van der Ploeg HP, van der Beek AJ, van der Woude LH, van Mechelen W. Physical activity for people with a disability: A conceptual model. Sports Med 2004;34(10):639–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace-Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education-National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IOM). Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities. Executive Summary, p 3, figure. ES.1. 2001. Accessed October 12, 2006 [Available from: http://newton.nap.edu/books/0309072840/html/3.html]

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express appreciation for thoughts on the economic perspective provided by Dr. William Johnson and for initial comments on this paper provided by Dr.Glenn Pransky. We also thank both anonymous reviewers of our paper for their helpful suggestions. Supported in part by Grant Nos. K05 MH01107, 3R01 MH46402, and 2R01 DE10713 from the National Institutes of Health, and in part by the Research Secretariat of Worksafe BC.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Deparment of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Scarfe Library Annex, Room 297, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Colmbia, Canada, V6T 1Z2

    Izabela Z. Schultz

  2. Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Psychiatry, and Rehabilitation Counseling, The Eugene McDermott Center for Pain Management, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Anna W. Stowell

  3. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Michael Feuerstein

  4. Department of Psychology, College of Science, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA

    Robert J. Gatchel

  5. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management and Rehabilitation Counseling, The Eugene McDermott Center for Pain Management, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Robert J. Gatchel

Authors
  1. Izabela Z. Schultz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna W. Stowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Feuerstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert J. Gatchel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Izabela Z. Schultz.

Additional information

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9081-4.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schultz, I.Z., Stowell, A.W., Feuerstein, M. et al. Models of Return to Work for Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Occup Rehabil 17, 327–352 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9071-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-007-9071-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation