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Enhanced Delivery of Retinoic Acid to Breast Cancer Cells by Folate Receptor-Targeted Folic Acid-Conjugated Glutenin Nanoparticles for Promising Treatment of Breast Cancer

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Abstract

Targeted delivery via surface receptors can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions. The protein nanocarrier system offers many advantages, including encapsulation in various drugs and molecules and prolonged circulation. Here, the folate receptor-targeted folic acid-conjugated retinoic acid-loaded glutenin nanoparticles (FA-RA-Glu NPs) were successfully synthesised for enhanced delivery of retinoic acid to breast cancer cells (MCF-7). After a complete physico-chemical characterisation of FA-RA-Glu NPs, stability, drug release, release kinetics, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell death, and nucleic acid fragmentation were analysed. The results showed that FA-RA-Glu NPs were ⁓185 nm in size, predominantly spherical in shape, crystalline in nature and had a zeta potential of − 3 mV. The RA encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of Glu NPs were 83.537 ± 3.32% and 9.917 ± 1.68%, respectively. The effects of FA-RA-Glu NPs against MCF-7 cells significantly reduced the number of viable cells and induced apoptosis. The cellular uptake study showed that the FA-RA-Glu NPs had facilitated endocytosis and delivered RA into MCF-7 cells. After treatment with FA-RA-Glu NPs, contracted nuclei and deformed membrane bodies were observed as typical apoptotic morphological changes. The released RA significantly increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species and contributing to the damage of mitochondrial membrane integrity. These results suggest that FA-RA-Glu NPs with facilitated endocytosis and targeted delivery of RA into MCF-7 cells may have significant therapeutic potential for treating breast cancer.

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Acknowledgements

RRR thanks to Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education for the university research fellowship.

Funding

SK gratefully acknowledge the Management of Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education for Seed Money Grant (KARE/VC/R&D/SMPG/2021–2022/1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, 626126, India

    Raja Rajeswari Rajeshkumar, Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian, Shanmugampillai Jeyarajaguru Kabilan & Selvaraj Kunjiappan

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, 560054, India

    Parasuraman Pavadai

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, 637205, India

    Theivendren Panneerselvam

  4. Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Gushan District, No. 70, Lien‑Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan

    A. Santhana Krishna Kumar

  5. Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30‑059, Krakow, Poland

    A. Santhana Krishna Kumar

  6. Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-189, Warsaw, Poland

    Piotr Maszczyk & Ewa Babkiewicz

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SK supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, resources, writing review & editing; RRR, PP, SRKP, ASKK writing-original draft, formal analysis, investigation; TP, SJK, PM, EB conceptualization, writing, investigation and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Rajeshkumar, R.R., Pavadai, P., Panneerselvam, T. et al. Enhanced Delivery of Retinoic Acid to Breast Cancer Cells by Folate Receptor-Targeted Folic Acid-Conjugated Glutenin Nanoparticles for Promising Treatment of Breast Cancer. J Polym Environ (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-03107-2

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