Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hybrid Beads of Poly(Acrylonitrile-co-Styrene/Pyrrole)@Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone for Removing Carcinogenic Methylene Blue Dye Water Pollutant

  • OriginalPaper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Organic azo dyes such as Methylene Blue (MB) pollute water and are considered a global threat to the health and environment. Accordingly, the present study aims to fabricate cost-effective, eco-friendly, and highly performing hybrid beads of Poly (Acrylonitrile-co-Styrene/Pyrrole)@Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (Poly (AN-co-ST/Py)@PVP) for Methylene Blue dye adsorption via the phase inversion technique. The fabricated hybrid beads were physico-chemically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The required experimental adsorption conditions were optimized: contact time, dye solution pH, beads dosage, and MB initial concentration. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models described the MB adsorption equilibrium and kinetics well. Only 0.8 g of the fabricated hybrid beads were needed to achieve a maximum of 90% dye removal after 180 min of equilibrium time. For screening, twenty-five runs were applied, and thirteen runs were optimized using the Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) model. Time is the most effective factor in PBD, with an efficiency rate of 88.42%, according to the optimization stage of the process after initial screening revealed that time, dosage, and dye concentration were the most important variables. The fabricated hybrid beads reveal a great ability to adsorb MB molecules effectively from wastewater samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig.7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Heybet EN, Ugraskan V, Isik B, Yazici O (2021) Adsorption of methylene blue dye on sodium alginate/polypyrrole nanotube composites. Int J Biol Macromol 193:88–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Isik B, Ugraskan V, Cakar F, Yazici O (2022) A comparative study on the adsorption of toxic cationic dyes by Judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) seeds. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02679-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Samsami S, Mohamadizaniani M, Sarrafzadeh M-H et al (2020) Recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater from textile industries: Overview and perspectives. Process Saf Environ Prot 143:138–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Program NT (2008) Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of methylene blue trihydrate (Cas No. 7220–79–3) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Natl Toxicol Progr Tech Rep Ser 540:1–224

    Google Scholar 

  5. Khan I, Saeed K, Zekker I et al (2022) Review on methylene blue: its properties, uses, toxicity and photodegradation. Water 14:242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ugraskan V, Isik B, Yazici O (2021) Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by porous boron carbide: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chem Eng Commun 209:1111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Oladoye PO, Ajiboye TO, Omotola EO, Oyewola OJ (2022) Methylene blue dye: Toxicity and potential technologies for elimination from (waste) water. Results Eng 15:100678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Isik B, Ugraskan V, Cankurtaran O (2021) Effective biosorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution using wild macrofungus (Lactarius piperatus). Sep Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2021.1956540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Asadi S, Eris S, Azizian S (2018) Alginate-based hydrogel beads as a biocompatible and efficient adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions. Agric Sci Technol Omega 3(11):15140–15148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fan C, Xu C, Zong Z et al (2020) Rational design and construction of a serious of highly water-stable coordination polymers with various N, N′-donor linkers: syntheses, diversity structures, and dye adsorption property. J Solid State Chem 292:121673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fakhry H, El-Sonbati M, Omar B, El-Henawy R, Zhang Y, Marwa EK (2022) Novel fabricated low-cost hybrid polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone coated polyurethane foam (PAN/PVP@PUF) membrane for the decolorization of cationic and anionic dyes. J Environ Manag 315:115128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Patel S, Hota G (2018) Synthesis of novel surface functionalized electrospun PAN nanofibers matrix for efficient adsorption of anionic CR dye from water. J Environ Chem Eng 6:5301–5310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Martín-Alfonso JE, Číková E, Omastová M (2019) Development and characterization of composite fibers based on tragacanth gum and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Compos B Eng 169:79–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gouthaman A, Azarudeen RS, Gnanaprakasam A et al (2018) Polymeric nanocomposites for the removal of acid red 52 dye from aqueous solutions: synthesis, characterization, kinetic and isotherm studies. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 160:42–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhan Y, He S, Wan X et al (2018) Easy-handling bamboo-like polypyrrole nanofibrous mats with high adsorption capacity for hexavalent chromium removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 529:385–395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Inagaki Y, Kiuchi S (2001) Converting waste polystyrene into a polymer flocculant for wastewater treatment. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 3:14–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Park YW, Lee DS (2005) The fabrication and properties of solid polymer electrolytes based on PEO/PVP blends. J Non Cryst Solids 351:144–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhou J, Gao F, Jiao T et al (2018) Selective Cu(II) ion removal from wastewater via surface charged self-assembled polystyrene-Schiff base nanocomposites. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 545:60–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. El-Kady MF, El-Aassar MR, El Batrawy OA et al (2018) Equilibrium and kinetic behaviors of cationic dye decolorization using Poly (AN-co-Py)/ZrO2 novel nanopolymeric composites. Adv Polym Technol 37:740–752

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Patnaik S, Panda AK, Kumar S (2020) Thermal degradation of corn starch based biodegradable plastic plates and determination of kinetic parameters by isoconversional methods using thermogravimetric analyzer. J Energy Inst 93:1449–1459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. El-Aassar MR, Ibrahim OM, Fouda MMG et al (2021) Wound dressing of chitosan-based-crosslinked gelatin/polyvinyl pyrrolidone embedded silver nanoparticles, for targeting multidrug resistance microbes. Carbohyd Polym 255:117484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Shibraen MHMA, Ibrahim OM, Asad RAM et al (2021) Interpenetration of metal cations into polyelectrolyte-multilayer-films via layer-by-layer assembly: selective antibacterial functionality of cationic guar gum/polyacrylic acid-Ag+ nanofilm against resistant E coli. Colloids Surf A 610:125921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. El-Deeb NM, Abo-Eleneen MA, Al-Madboly LA et al (2020) Biogenically synthesized polysaccharides-capped silver nanoparticles: immunomodulatory and antibacterial potentialities against resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:643

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Ali HM, Ibrahim OM, Ali ASM et al (2022) Cross-linked Chitosan/Gelatin beads loaded with Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae/Zinc oxide nanoparticles for adsorbing Carcinogenic Bisphenol-A pollutant from water. ACS Omega 7:27239–27248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. El-Aassar MR, Ibrahim OM, Hashem FS et al (2022) Fabrication of Polyaniline@ β-cyclodextrin nanocomposite for adsorption of carcinogenic phenol from wastewater. ACS Appl Bio Mater 5:4504–4515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. El-Aassar MR, Fakhry H, Elzain AA et al (2018) Rhizofiltration system consists of chitosan and natural Arundo donax L. for removal of basic red dye. Int J Biol Macromol 120:1508–1514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. El-Amier YA, Elsayed A, El-Esawi MA et al (2021) Optimizing the biosorption behavior of Ludwigia stolonifera in the removal of lead and chromium metal ions from synthetic wastewater. Sustainability 13:6390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Khan MN, Sarwar A (2007) Determination of points of zero charge of natural and treated adsorbents. Surf Rev Lett 14(3):461–469. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X07009517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Elzain AA, El-Aassar MR, Hashem FS et al (2019) Removal of methylene dye using composites of poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) nanofibers impregnated with adsorbent materials. J Mol Liq. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chokki J, Darracq G, Pölt P et al (2019) Investigation of Poly (ethersulfone) /Polyvinylpyrrolidone ultrafiltration membrane degradation by contact with sodium hypochlorite through FTIR mapping and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 161:131–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Driscoll PC, Kristensen SM (1998) NMR of natural macromolecules. Nucl Magn Reson-Lond 27:292–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang P, O’Connor D, Wang Y et al (2020) A green biochar/iron oxide composite for methylene blue removal. J Hazard Mater 384:121286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhang P, Hou D, O’Connor D et al (2018) Green and size-specific synthesis of stable Fe–Cu oxides as earth-abundant adsorbents for malachite green removal. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:9229–9236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gautam D, Saya L, Hooda S (2020) Fe3O4 loaded chitin a promising nano adsorbent for reactive blue 13 dye. Environ Adv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020100014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Goyal M, Singh S, Bansal RC (2004) Equilibrium and dynamic adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by surface modified activated carbons. Carbon Sci 5(4):170–179

    Google Scholar 

  36. Crini G, Badot P-M (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci 33:399–447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jia Z, Li Z, Ni T, Li S (2017) Adsorption of low-cost absorption materials based on biomass (Cortaderia selloana flower spikes) for dye removal: kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic studies. J Mol Liq 229:285–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Tran TH, Le AH, Pham TH et al (2020) Adsorption isotherms and kinetic modeling of methylene blue dye onto a carbonaceous hydrochar adsorbent derived from coffee husk waste. Sci Total Environ 725:138325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Langmuir I (1916) The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. solids. J Am Chem Soc 38:2221–2295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Freundlich H (1907) Über die adsorption in lösungen. Z Phys Chem 57:385–470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Giles CH, MacEwan TH, Nakhwa SN, Smith D (1960) Studies in adsorption: part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface area solids. J Chem Soc 14:3973–3993. https://doi.org/10.1039/jr9600003973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ngulube T, Gumbo JR, Masindi V, Maity A (2019) Preparation and characterisation of high performing magnesite-halloysite nanocomposite and its application in the removal of methylene blue dye. J Mol Struct 1184:389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.02.043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Khan MI, Min TK, Azizli K, Su S, Ullah H, Man Z (2015) Effective removal of methylene blue from water using phosphoric acid based geopolymers: synthesis, characterizations and adsorption studies. RSC Adv 5:61410–61420. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08255b

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wu FC, Tseng RL (2008) High adsorption capacity NaOH-activated carbon for dye removal from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 152:1256–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Eslami PA, Kamboh MA, Nodeh HR, Ibrahim WAW (2018) Equilibrium and kinetic study of novel methyltrimethoxysilane magnetic titanium dioxide nanocomposite for methylene blue adsorption from aqueous media. Appl Organomet Chem 32:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.4331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Siqueira TCA, Silva IZd, Rubio AJ, Bergamasco R, Gasparotto F, Paccola E-S, Yamaguchi NU (2020) Sugarcane bagasse as an efficient biosorbent for methylene blue removal: kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(2):526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Can-Terzi B, Goren AY, Okten HE, Sofuoglu SC (2021) Biosorption of methylene blue from water by live Lemna minor. Environ Technol Innov 22:101432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lagergren SK (1898) About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances. Sven Vetenskapsakad Handingarl 24:1–39

    Google Scholar 

  49. Saxena M, Sharma N, Saxena R (2020) Highly efficient and rapid removal of a toxic dye: adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and mechanism studies on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Surf Interfaces 21:100639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jiang X, Sang C, Wang J, Guo J (2022) Preparation of sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite nanofiber membranes for adsorption of dyes. Text Res J 92:3154–3163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Asfaram A, Ghaedi M, Yousefi F, Dastkhoon M (2016) Experimental design and modeling of ultrasound assisted simultaneous adsorption of cationic dyes onto ZnS: Mn-NPs-AC from binary mixture. Ultrason Sonochem 33:77–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nasar A, Mashkoor F (2019) Application of polyaniline-based adsorbents for dye removal from water and wastewater—a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:5333–5356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant Number (DSR2022-RG-0136)

Funding

This work was funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University under Grant Number (DSR2022-RG-0136).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

    M. R. El-Aassar, Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaim, Hassan M. A. Hassan, Ibrahim O. Althobaiti & Mohamed Y. El-Sayed

  2. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Omar M. Ibrahim

  3. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, 34517, Egypt

    Basma Mohamed Omar

  4. National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, 11865, Egypt

    Hazem T. Abd El-Hamid, Mohamed E. Goher & Hala Fakhry

  5. Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jouf University, Gurayat 77217, Saudi Arabia

    Ibrahim O. Althobaiti

Authors
  1. M. R. El-Aassar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Omar M. Ibrahim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Basma Mohamed Omar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hazem T. Abd El-Hamid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hassan M. A. Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ibrahim O. Althobaiti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mohamed Y. El-Sayed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mohamed E. Goher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hala Fakhry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MRE-A: Conceptualization, methodology, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. HF: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, formal analysis, original draft, writing—review and editing. OMI, HMAH: Data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. BMO and HTAE-H: Methodology, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—review and editing. IHA, IOA, and MMYE-S: Data curation, Formal Analysis. MEG Methodology, Writing—original draft.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to M. R. El-Aassar or Hala Fakhry.

Ethics declarations

Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-Aassar, M.R., Ibrahim, O.M., Omar, B.M. et al. Hybrid Beads of Poly(Acrylonitrile-co-Styrene/Pyrrole)@Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone for Removing Carcinogenic Methylene Blue Dye Water Pollutant. J Polym Environ 31, 2912–2929 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02776-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02776-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation