Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fabrication of Biodegradable Superabsorbent Using RSM Design for Controlled Release of KNO3

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Present study envisaged the sequential experimental design approach for the development of biodegradable Gelatin-Tapoica/polyacrylamide superabsorbent. Percentage water uptake efficacy of candidate sample was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design under microwave irradiation. Different process variables such as potassium persulphate and ammonium persulphate (KPS:APS) ratio, pH, reaction time concentration of acrylamide and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) were investigated as a function of percentage swelling using sequential experimental design. Maximum liquid efficacy of 1550% was obtained at KPS:APS = 1.0:0.5; acrylamide = 7.67 × 10−1 mol L−1; MBA = 1.76 × 10−2 mol L−1; pH 10 and time = 110 s. The 3D crosslinked network formed was characterized using Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) techniques and thermal stability was ensured by Thermal gravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis/Differential Thermal Gravimetric (TGA/DTA/DTG) studies. Superabsorbent synthesized could increase the moisture content in different type of soils and was found to enhance the water-holding capability of the soil upto 60 days in clayey, 40 days in sandy and 51 days in mixture of two soils under controlled conditions. Further, candidate polymer was investigated for the in-vitro controlled release of the KNO3 with diffusion exponent ‘n’ was found to be 0.4326 indicating Fickian type diffusion. Also, initial diffusion coefficient (DI = 3.49 × 10−5 m2 h−1) was found to be greater than the lateral diffusion coefficient (DL = 3.76 × 10−6 m2 h−1) indicated rapid release of KNO3 during initial hours with slow release afterwards. The ecofriendly nature of the synthesized polymer was also tested by conducting biodegradation studies and it was found to degrade upto 94% and 88.1% within 70 days with degradation rate of 1.34 and 1.26% per day using composting method and vermicomposting method respectively. So, the synthesized candidate polymer was found to be boon for agriculture-horticulture sector with wide applicability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Campos EVR, de Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF, Singh B (2015) Polysaccharides as safer release systems for agrochemicals. Agro Sustain Dev 35:47–66

  2. Kasinee H, Auraruk C, Phiriyatorn S (2014) Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent polymer prepared by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto carboxy methyl cellulose for controlled release of agrochemicals. Radiat Phys Chem 103:167–171

  3. Rashidzadeh A, Olad A, Reyhanitabar A Hydrogel/clinoptilolite nanocomposite-coated fertilizer: swelling, water-retention and slow-release fertilizer properties (2015) Polym Bull 72:2667

  4. Amany IR, Mona E, El-A Magda B (2012) Radiation synthesis of superabsorbent CMC based hydrogels for agriculture applications. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 283:71–76

  5. Bhatnagar A, Sillanpaa M (2011) A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water. Chem Eng J 168:493–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Liang R, Liu M, Wu L (2007) Controlled release NPK compound fertilizer with the function of water retention. React Funct Polym 67:769–779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fosso-Kankeu E, Mittal H, Mishra SB, Mishra AK (2015) Gum ghatti and acrylic acid based biodegradable hydrogels for the effective adsorption of cationic dyes. J Ind Eng Chem 22:171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mittal H, Jindal R, Kaith BS, Maity A, Ray SS (2015) Flocculation and adsorption properties of biodegradablegum-ghatti-grafted poly(acrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 115:617–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hemvichian K, Chanthawong A, Suwanmala P (2014) Synthesis and characterization of superabsorbent polymer prepared by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto carboxymethyl cellulose for controlled release of agrochemicals. Radiat Phys Chem 103:167–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Abd El-Mohdy HL (2007) Water sorption behavior of CMC/PAM hydrogels prepared by gamma-irradiation and release of potassium nitrate as agrochemical. React Funct Polym 67:1094–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Narjarya B, Aggarwala P, Singh A, Chakrabortya D, Singha R (2012) Water availability in different soils in relation to hydrogel application. Geoderma 187–188:94–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Senna AM, Carmo JBD, Silva JMSD, Botaro VR (2015) Synthesis, characterization and application of hydrogel derived from cellulose acetate as a substrate for slow-release NPK fertilizer and water retention in soil. J Environ. Chem Eng 3:996–1002

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sharma K, Kumar, V, Kaith BS, Kumar V, Som S, Kalia S, Swart HC (2015) Synthesis, characterization and water retention study of biodegradable Gum ghatti-poly(acrylic acideaniline) hydrogels. Polym Degrad Stab 111:20–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sukriti, Sharma J, Pruthi V, Anand P, Chaddha APS, Bhatia J, Kaith BS (2016) Surface response methodology–central composite design screening for the fabrication of a Gx-psy-g-polyacrylicacid adsorbent and sequestration of auramine-O dye from a textile effluent. RSC Adv 6:74300–74313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Monajjemzadeh F, Hamishehkar H, Zakeri-Milani P, Farjami A, Valizadeh H (2013) Design and optimization of sustained-release divalproex sodium tablets with response surface methodology. AAPS Pharm SciTech 4:245–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Liang R, Yuan H, Xi G, Zhou Q (2009) Synthesis of wheat straw-g-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent composites and release of urea from it. Carbohydr Polym 77:181–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu L, Liu M (2008) Preparation and properties of chitosan-coated npk compound fertilizer with controlled-release and water-retention. Carbohydr Polym 72:240–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jamnongkan T, Kaewpirom S (2010) Potassium release kinetics and water retention of controlled-release fertilizers based on chitosan hydrogels. J Polym Environ 18:413–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kaith BS, Sukriti, Sharma J, Kaur T, Sethi S, Shanker U, Jassal V (2016) Microwave-assisted green synthesis of hybrid nanocomposite: removal of Malachite green from waste water. Iran Polym J 25:787–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaith BS, Sharma J, Sukriti, Sethi S, Kaur T, Shanker U, Jassal V (2016) Fabrication of green device for efficient capture of toxic methylene blue from industrial effluent based on K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2·9H2O nanoparticles reinforced gum xanthan-psyllium hydrogel nanocomposite. J Chin Adv Mater Soc 4:249–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Saruchi, Kaith BS, Jindal R, Kapur GS, Kumar V (2014) Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of Gum tragacanth and acrylic acid based hydrogel for sustained calcium chloride release–enhancement of water-holding capacity of soil. J Chin Adv Mater Soc 2:40–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liang R, Liu M (2006) Preparation and Properties of a Double-Coated Slow-Release and Water-Retention Urea Fertilizer. J Agric Food Chem 54:1392–1398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gonçalves AA L, Fonseca AC, Fabela IGP, Coelho JFJ, Serra AC (2016) Synthesis and characterization of high performance superabsorbent hydrogels using bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate as crosslinker Express Polym Lett 10:248–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Song SL, Wang Z, Qian YH, Zhang LJ, Luo EF (2012) The release rate ofcurcumin from calcium alginate beads regulated by food emulsifiers. J Agric Food Chem 60:4388–4395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bai C, Zhang S, Huang L, Wang H, Wang W, Ye Q (2015) Starch-based hydrogel loading with carbendazim forcontrolled-release and water absorption. Carbohydr Polym 125:376–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. He Y, Wu Z, Tu L, Han Y, Zhang G, Li C (2015) Encapsulation and characterization of slow-release microbial fertilizer from the composites of bentonite and alginate. Appl Clay Sci 109–110:68–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Singh B, Sharma N, Chauhan N (2007) Synthesis, characterization and swelling studies of pH responsive psyllium and methacrylamide based hydrogels for the use in colon specific drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 69:631–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahadavinia GR, Mousavi SB, Karimi F, Marandi GB, Garabaghi H, Shahabvand H (2009) Synthesis of porous poly(acrylamide) hydrogels using calcium carbonate and its application for slow release of potassium nitrate. Express Polym Lett 3:279–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sharma K, Kumar V, Kaith BS, Som S, Kumar V, Pandey A, Kalia S, Swart HC (2015). Synthesis of biodegradable gum ghatti based poly(methacrylic acid-aniline) conducting IPN hydrogel for controlled release of amoxicillin trihydrate. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:1982–1991

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gupta P, Nayak KK (2015) Compatibility study of alginate/keratin blend for biopolymer development J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 13:332–339

    Google Scholar 

  31. Thein-Han WW, Saikhun J, Pholpramoo C, Misra RDK, Kitiyanant Y (2009) Chitosan–gelatin scaffolds for tissue engineering: Physico-chemical properties and biological response of buffalo embryonic stem cells and transfectant of GFP–buffalo embryonic stem cells. Acta Biomater 5:3453–3466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sukriti, Sharma J, Chadha AS, Pruthi V, Anand P, Bhatia J, Kaith BS (2017) Sequestration of dyes from artificially prepared textile effluent using RSM-CCD optimized hybrid backbone based adsorbent-kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Environ Manag 190:176–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nayak KK, Gupta P (2015) In vitro biocompatibility study of keratin/agar scaffold for tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 81:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gupta P, Nayak KK (2016) Optimization of keratin/alginate scaffold using RSM and its characterization for tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 85:141–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kaith BS, Jindal R, Mittal H, Kumar K (2012) Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior evaluation of Gum ghatti and acrylamide based hydro-gel for selective absorption of saline from different petroleum fraction-saline emulsions. J Appl Polym Sci 124:2037–2047

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Erizal, Sudirman, Budianto E, Mahendra A, Yudianti R (2013) Radiation synthesis of superabsorbent poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-sodium alginate hydrogels Adv Mat Res 74: 88–96

    Google Scholar 

  37. Sharma K, Kaith BS, Kumar V, Kalia S, Kumar V, Som S, Swart HC (2014) Gum ghatti based novel electrically conductive biomaterials: a study of conductivity and surface morphology. Express Polym Lett 8:267–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Tripathi S, Mehrotra GK, Dutta PK (2011) Chitosan-silver oxide nanocomposite film: preparation and antimicrobial activity. Bull Mater Sci 34:29–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kaith BS, Jindal R, Mittal H, Kumar K (2012) Synthesis of crosslinked networks of gum ghatti with different vinyl monomer mixtures and effect of ionic strength of various cations on its swelling behavior. Int J Polym Mater 61:99–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sharma K, Kaith BS, Kumar V, Kumar V, Som S, Kalia S, Swart HC (2013) Synthesis and properties of poly(acrylamide-aniline)-grafted gum ghatti based nanospikes. RSC Adv 3:25830–25839.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sharma K, Kaith BS, Kumar V, Kalia S, Kumar V, Swart HC (2014) Synthesis and biodegradation studies of gamma irradiated electrically conductive hydrogels. Polym Degrad Stab 107:166–177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mittal H, Maity A, Ray SS (2015) Gum ghatti and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) based biodegradable hydrogel-evaluation of the flocculation and adsorption properties. Polym Degrad Stab 120:42–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

One of the authors is extremely thankful to TEQIP-II, NIT Jalandhar, for providing fellowship for carrying out this research work. The author is also thankful to IUAC, New Delhi, Instrumentation Center, IIT, Ropar, for characterization of the samples and DST-FIST New Delhi, for the FTIR and UV–Vis spectrophotometers instrumentation facility at NIT Jalandhar.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dr B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

    Jitender Sharma,  Sukriti & B. S. Kaith

  2. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

    M. S. Bhatti

Authors
  1. Jitender Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sukriti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. S. Kaith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. S. Bhatti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jitender Sharma.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 21 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, J., Sukriti, Kaith, B.S. et al. Fabrication of Biodegradable Superabsorbent Using RSM Design for Controlled Release of KNO3 . J Polym Environ 26, 518–531 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-0959-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-0959-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation