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Tetraconodontines and suines (Artiodactyla: Suidae) from the earliest Vallesian site of Castell de Barberà (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula)

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Abstract

The earliest Vallesian (~11.2 Ma) site of Castell de Barberà (CB) figures prominently in the paleoanthropological literature because of the co-occurrence of pliopithecoid and hominoid primates. However, the rest of the fauna remains understudied. In the case of suids, fossils of Albanohyus castellensis and Listriodon splendens have been described in detail, but those of suines and tetraconodontines need revision. Here, we describe more than 200 remains (both published and unpublished) of these suid subfamilies from CB, including mostly isolated teeth and some dentognathic fragments, to justify their taxonomic attribution. We conclude that CB records the suine Propotamochoerus palaeochoerus and the tetraconodontines Parachleuastochoerus valentini and Versoporcus steinheimensis—contrasting with previous reports that the latter was the only large tetraconodontine present there. The remains of Pa. valentini confirm the distinctiveness of this species and reinforce the contention that it is not a junior synonym of Conohyus simorrensis, while those of Versoporcus lead us to conclude that Versoporcus grivensis is a junior subjective synonym of V. steinheimensis. We further conclude that many remains previously included in Conohyus doati belong instead to Pa. valentini, although the species is considered a nomen dubium because its lectotype might belong to either Conohyus or Versoporcus.

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Fig. 1

© Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya under CC BY 4.0 license. b. Excavation of layer CB-D (where the main fossiliferous level was originally situated) during 2015, reproduced from Alba et al. (2019: fig. 2B). c. Location (left inset) and simplified geological map of the Vallès-Penedès Basin indicating the situation of CB (black star), reproduced from Alba et al. (2019: fig. 3)

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Data availability

All data generated during this study are included in this published article or in the supplementary information file. The dataset of published measurements analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on request. The fossil material studied in this paper is housed and adequately curated in the ICP and is accessible to other researchers. All the data generated in the course of this study are provided in the paper.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the municipality of Barberà del Vallès for allowing fieldwork at the site in 2014–2015, Salvador Moyà-Solà for codirecting these fieldwork campaigns, Josep M. Robles for assistance with the ICP collections, and the Preparation & Conservation Area of the ICP for the preparation of some specimens. We also acknowledge the collaboration of the Servei de Patrimoni Arqueològic i Paleontològic of the Generalitat de Catalunya and thank the two reviewers (Alessio Iannucci and an anonymous one) for useful comments that helped us improve a previous version of this paper. This work is part of the PhD dissertation of S.M., in the framework of the PhD Programme in Geology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Funding

This work is part of R+D+I projects PID2020-117289GBI00, PID2020-116220GBI00, and PID2020-116908 GB-I00, funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/). Research has also been supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA Programme, the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 00620), the Departament de Cultura of the Generalitat de Catalunya (CLT0009_22_000018), a predoctoral fellowship from the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde (CTGR) to S.M., and the INVESTIGO Program 2022 (reference 100027TC1) financed by the European Union, Next Generation EU to S.G.A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP-CERCA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

    Sharrah McKenzie, Sara G. Arranz, Sergio Almécija, Daniel De Miguel & David M. Alba

  2. Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA

    Sergio Almécija

  3. New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA

    Sergio Almécija

  4. ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain

    Daniel De Miguel

  5. Universidad de Zaragoza, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain

    Daniel De Miguel

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  1. Sharrah McKenzie
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  3. Sergio Almécija
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Contributions

D.M.A. and D.DM. designed the study. S.A. directed fieldwork. S.M. took the photographs, measured the specimens, and drafted the descriptions. D.M.A. prepared the figures. S.M., S.G.A., and D.M.A. identified the material. S.M. and D.M.A. wrote the manuscript with input from the remaining authors, who reviewed several drafts of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to David M. Alba.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 1 List of suid dental remains from Castell de Barberà described in this paper, including taxonomic attribution, anatomical identification, and the figure(s) where each specimen is depicted. Old numbers used by Golpe-Posse (1971, 1972) are included within brackets
Full size table
Table 2 Measurements (in mm) of the suid dental remains from CB described in this paper. See Table 1 for equivalence with old numbers used by Golpe-Posse (1971, 1972) and the figure(s) where each specimen is depicted. La, Li, and Di measurements refer to c1m only. Measurements within parentheses are estimates, whereas a ‘greater than’ ( >) symbol denotes that the actual measurement would have been higher than that provided due to damage, and an ‘em dash’ (—) indicates that no meaningful measurement can be taken owing to incomplete preservation
Full size table

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McKenzie, S., Arranz, S.G., Almécija, S. et al. Tetraconodontines and suines (Artiodactyla: Suidae) from the earliest Vallesian site of Castell de Barberà (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). J Mammal Evol 31, 7 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-023-09695-z

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