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Manganese and Magnesium Co-doped Barium Titanate: A Route Towards Enhanced Energy Storage Performance via Defect Dipoles Engineering

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Abstract

Developing novel ferroelectrics using lead-free ceramics for cutting-edge electrical and energy storage devices is vital given the global atmospheric pollution and the energy crisis due to such ceramics’ high power density and good stability. Unfortunately, the majority have weak breakdown energies and a slight variation between maximum and remaining polarization, which leads to low energy density and efficiency. Complex defect dipoles between oxygen vacancies and acceptor co-doped ions have been used to overcome this issue. By doing this, BaTiO3-based ceramics can more efficiently and densely store energy. Mg and Mn acceptor co-doping ions on the Ti site create (\({\text{M}\text{g}}_{\text{T}\text{i}}^{{\prime }{\prime }}-{\text{V}}_{\text{O}}^{\bullet \bullet }\) and \({\text{M}\text{n}}_{\text{T}\text{i}}^{{\prime }{\prime }}-{\text{V}}_{\text{O}}^{\bullet \bullet }\)) defect dipoles in the BaTiO3 host matrix. This increases breakdown strength to 175 kV/cm, providing a high difference between saturation and remaining polarization. This increased energy storage density (from 0.596 to 1.784 J/cm3) and efficiency (42–92%). Furthermore, the energy storage density is stable throughout operating frequencies and temperatures. The results indicate that defect dipole engineering can be considered a promising technique to improve the energy storage performance of lead-free ferroelectric ceramics potentially.

Graphical Abstract

The energy-storing capacities of BMMTx ceramics were attained by practical synthesis using acceptor ion co-doping, leading to short grain sizes and defect dipoles within the material structure. A high co-doping concentration produced a compact microstructure with a grain size of 0.459 µm. This microstructure improvement significantly increased the material's breakdown strengths, reaching a phenomenal Eb=175 kV/cm. Defect dipoles also helped to refine the hysteresis loop, which increased the difference between residual and spontaneous polarization. This process led to an extraordinary energy storage efficiency of 92% at 175 kV/cm and a phenomenal energy storage density, designated as Wrec, of 1.78 J/cm3. Thanks to these outstanding qualities, it surpasses earlier studies on lead-free alternatives, placing it as a top competitor among ecologically aware ceramics.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP: Grant Nos. 2017/13769-1 and 2023/05716-6) for financial support. Dr. Mansour is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R393) at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for his financial support.

Funding

This work was supported by  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP: Grant no# 2017/13769-1), (FAPESP: Grant No. 2023/05716-6), and King Saud University, Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R393).

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  1. Physics Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, SP-310, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, CEP 13565-905, Brazil

    Mahmoud S. Alkathy, Fabio L Zabotto & Jose A. Eiras

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea

    Srinivas Pattipaka

  3. Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mansour K. Gatasheh

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  1. Mahmoud S. Alkathy
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  3. Mansour K. Gatasheh
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  4. Fabio L Zabotto
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MA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, software, writing, and original drift preparation. SP: Methodology and formal analysis, and original drift preparation. MG: Investigation. FLZ: Investigation. JAE: Writing, validation, review, supervision, and approval of the final version.

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Correspondence to Mahmoud S. Alkathy or Jose A. Eiras.

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Alkathy, M.S., Pattipaka, S., Gatasheh, M.K. et al. Manganese and Magnesium Co-doped Barium Titanate: A Route Towards Enhanced Energy Storage Performance via Defect Dipoles Engineering. J Inorg Organomet Polym 34, 1193–1207 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02891-7

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