Skip to main content
Log in

Historical Overview of the Army Contributions to Phosphazene Chemistry

  • Published:
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The search for new elastomeric materials with a service capability over a wide temperature range and for improved fire-resistant materials formed the basis for the Army interest in polyphosphazenes. The Army Watertown phosphazene program established important working relationships with government and industrial interests, and leading academic scientists. The Watertown laboratory, along with the Army Research Office, supported not only the fundamental research exploring the synthesis and properties of this new class of inorganic polymers, but also the development of polyphosphazenes and phosphazene fluids for the Army, Navy, other government, and commercial applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Allcock H. R., Kugel R. L. (1965) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87:4216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Allcock H. R., Kugel R. L., Valan K. J. (1966). Inorg. Chem. 5: 1709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. S. H. Rose, J. Polym. Sci., B, 6 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  4. A. Wilson, Initial Compounding Studies of Polyphosphazene Rubber, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA 01760 TR 70-10-CE (C&PSEL-68) AD860170 (August 1969)

  5. S. H. Rose and J. Cable, Synthesis of New Low Temperature Petroleum Resistant Elastomers (Horizons, Inc, Cleveland, OH, AMMRC CR 69-07, AD 693289, March 1969)

  6. K. A. Reynard and S. H. Rose, Synthesis of New Low Temperature, Petroleum Resistant Elastomers (Horizons, Inc, Cleveland, OH, AMMRC CR 70-26, AD 720215, Dec 1970)

  7. Hagnauer G.L., Schneider N.S. (1972) J. Polym. Sci., A-2, 10: 699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Singler R. E., Hagnauer G. L., Schneider N. S., LaLiberte B. R., Sacher R. E., Matton R. W. (1974). J. Poly. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 12:433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hagnauer G. L., LaLiberte B. R. (1976) J. Polym. Sci., Phys. Ed. 14: 367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. White J. E., Singler R. E., Leone S. A. (1975) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 13:2531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schneider N. S., Desper C. R., Singler R. E. (1976) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 20: 3087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. N. S. Schneider, C. R. Desper and J. J. Beres, in Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers, A. Blumstein, ed. (Academic Press, 1978)

  13. Beres J. J., Schneider N. S., Desper C. R., Singler R. E. (1979) Macromolecules, 12: 566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. R. C. Laible and Angus Wilson, Compounding of Phosphazenes for Military Applications, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA 01760, TR-87/035 (Oct 1986)

  15. Touchet P., Gatza P. E. (1977) J. Elastomer Plast 9 (1): 3

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. K. Reynard, A. H. Gerber, and S. H. Rose, Synthesis of Phosphonitrilic Elastomers and Plastics for Marine Applications, Horizons, Inc, Cleveland, OH, AMMRC CTR 72–29, Dec 1972 (AD 755188)

  17. K. A. Reynard, R. W. Sicka, and J. E. Thompson, Polyaryloxyphosphazene Foams, Horizons, Inc., Cleveland, OH, Naval Ship Systems Contract N00024-73-C-S474, June 1974 (AD A009425)

  18. D. P. Tate and T. Antowiak, Kirk-Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. 3rd Ed., 10, 939 (1980)

  19. R. E. Singler, G. L. Hagnauer, and R. W. Sicka, Polyphosphazene elastomers: synthesis–properties–applications. A.C.S. Symposium Series 193, 229 (1982)

  20. R. E. Singler, G. L. Hagnauer, and R. W. Sicka, Phosphazene elastomers—synthesis, properties, and applications—part 2. A.C.S. Symposium Series 260, 143 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Singler R. E., Deome A. J., Dunn D. A., Bieberich M. J. (1986) Ind. Eng. Chem., Product R&D, 25:46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. L. J. Carr and S. H. Rose, Phosphazene Base Hydraulic Fluid Development, Navy contract N00167-82-C-0168, Phase II, DTNSRDC/SME-CR-18-84 (1984)

  23. R. E. Singler and R. E. Gomba, in: Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids, L. R. Rudnick and R. L. Shubkin, Eds., Chapter 13, 2nd Ed. (Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1999)

  24. Sennett M. S., Hagnauer G. L., Singler R. E., Davies G. (1986) Macromolecules, 19: 959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. S. Sennett, U. S. Patent 4,867,957 (1989)

  26. Singler R. E., Willingham R. A., Lenz R. W., Furukawa A., Finkelmann H. (1987) Macromolecules, 20: 1727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. R. E. Singler, R. A. Willingham, and M. S. Sennett, Phosphazene polymers: synthesis–structure–properties. ACS Symposium Series 360 268 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  28. R. E. Singler, R. A. Willingham, C. Noel, C. Friedrich, L. Bosio, E. D. T. Atkins, and R. W. Lenz, Side-chain liquid-crystalline polyphosphazenes. ACS Symposium Series 435, 185 (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Singler R. E., Willingham R. A., Noel C., Friedrich C., Bosio L., Atkins E. D. T. (1991) Macromolecules, 24:510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. The U.S. Army Laboratories at Watertown, MA Contributions to Science and Technology, E. Deborah Gray, Ed. (August 1995)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert E. Singler.

Additional information

The Army Research Laboratory at Watertown was closed in August 1995 and the operations were transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Singler, R.E. Historical Overview of the Army Contributions to Phosphazene Chemistry. J Inorg Organomet Polym 16, 307–309 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-006-9070-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-006-9070-7

KEY WORDS

Navigation