Abstract
In this paper we examine the impacts of toxic chemical releases on labor productivity. The hypothesis is that exposure to releases results in chronic or acute illnesses, which increases number of work days lost. To test the hypothesis we combine data from the National Health Interview Survey with data from US Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxic Release Inventory, using an instrumental variable approach to control for endogeneity of subjective binary health status. We find that the survey respondents are significantly more likely to have increased work days lost as their exposure to toxic releases increases and that work days lost increase at an increasing rate with diminished health status.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bates, D., & Sizto, R. (1987). Air pollution and hospital admissions in Southern Ontario: The acid summer haze effect. Environmental Research, 43, 317–331.
Ostro, B. (1983). The effects of air pollution on work loss and morbidity. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10, 371–382.
Ostro, B. (1987). Air pollution and morbidity revisited: A specification test. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 14, 87–98.
Ostro, B., & Rothschild, S. (1989). Air pollution and acute respiratory morbidity: An observational study of multiple pollutants. Environmental Research, 50, 238–247.
Pope-III, A. (1991). Respiratory hospital admissions associated with PM10 pollution in Utah, Salk Lake, and Cache Valleys. Archives of Environmental Health, 46, 90–97.
Xu, X., Li, B., & Huang, H. (1995). Air pollution and unscheduled hospital outpatient and emergency room visits. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 286–289.
Hopenhayn-Rich, C., Biggs, M., & Smith, A. (1998). Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27, 561–569.
Lopez-Abente, G., Aragones, N., & Ramis, R. (2006). Municipal distribution of bladder cancer mortality in Spain: Possible role of mining and industry. BMC Public Health, 6, 1–10.
Smith, A., Goycolea, M., Haque, R., & Biggs, M. (1998). Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of Northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 660–669.
RTK NET. (2002). Toxic Release Inventory. http://www.rtknet.org.
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Toxics Release Inventory Program—Toxicity Information. http://www.epa.gov/tri/chemical/index.htm.
Mills, P., Abbey, D., Beeson, L., & Petersen, F. (1991). Ambient air pollution and cancer in California seventh-day Adventists. Archives of Environmental Health, 46, 271–280.
Ostro, B., Lipsett, M., & Wiener, M. (1991). Asthmatic responses to airborne acid aerosols. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 694–702.
Portney, P., & Mullahy, J. (1986). Urban air quality and acute respiratory illness. Journal of Urban Economics, 20, 21–38.
Samet, J., Speizer, F., & Bishop, Y. (1981). The Relationship between air pollution and emergency room visits in an industrial community. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 31, 236–240.
Samakovlis, E., Huhtala, A., Bellander, T., & Svartengren, M. (2005). Valuing health effects of air pollution—focus on concentration—response functions. Journal of Urban Economics, 58, 230–249.
Ofstedal, M. B., Zimmer, Z., Cruz, G., Chan, A., & Lin, Y. (2003). A comparison of self-assessed health expectancy among older adults in several Asian settings. University of Michigan Institute for Social Research working paper 2/21/03.
Heckman, J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47, 153–161.
Cai, L., & Guyonne, K. (2004). Health status and labor force participation: Evidence from the HILDA Data. Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 4/04.
Dwyer, D., & Mitchell, O. (1999). Health problems as determinants of retirement: Are self-rated measures endogenous? Journal of Health Economics, 18, 173–193.
Haveman, R., Wolfe, B., Kreider, B., & Stone, M. (1994). Market work, wages and men’s health. Journal of Health Economics, 13, 163–182.
Stern, S. (1989). Measuring the effect of disability on labor force participation. Journal of Human Resources, 24, 361–395.
Ostro, B., Lipsett, M., Mann, J., Krupnick, A., & Harrington, W. (1993). Air pollution and respiratory morbidity among adults in Southern California. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 691–700.
Cameron, C., & Trivedi, P. (1998). Regression analysis of count data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, L. F. (1982). Health and wage: A simultaneous equation model with multiple discrete indicators. International Economic Review, 23, 199–221.
Rivera, B. (2001). The effects of public health spending on self-assessed health status: An ordered probit model. Applied Economics, 33, 1313–1319.
Bradley, C., Bednarek, H., & Neumark, D. (2002). Breast cancer and women’s labor supply. Health Services Research, 37, 1309–1327.
Marmot, M., Feeney, A., Shipley, M., North, F., & Syme, S. (1995). Sickness absence as a measure of health status and functioning: From the UK Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 49, 124–130.
Marmot, M., North, F., Feeney, A., & Head, J. (1993). Alcohol consumption and sickness absence: From the Whitehall II study. Addiction, 88, 369–382.
North, F., Syme, S., Feeney, A., Head, J., Shipley, M., & Marmot, M. (1993). Explaining socioeconomic differences in sickness absence: The Whitehall II Study. British Medical Journal, 306, 361–366.
Machnes, Y. (1992). Demand for work-loss days due to illness. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 18, 283–286.
Silver, M. (1970). An economic analysis of variations in medical expenses and work-loss rates. In H. Klarman (Ed.), Empirical studies in health economics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins.
Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80, 223–255.
Stratmann, T. (1999). What do medical services buy? Effects of doctor visits on work day loss. Eastern Economic Journal, 25, 1–16.
Meyer, B., Viscusi, K., & Durbin, D. (1995). Workers’ compensation and injury duration: Evidence from a natural experiment. American Economic Review, 85, 322–340.
Centers for Disease Control, Prevention. (1994). Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 1992, and changes in the definition of current cigarette smoking. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43, 342–346.
Parrish, K. M., Dufour, M. C., Stinson, F., & Harford, T. (1993). Average daily alcohol consumption during adult life among decedents with and without cirrhosis: The 1986 National Mortality Follow-back Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 450–456.
Robbins, A., Fonseca, V., Chao, S., Coil, G., Bell, N., & Amoroso, P. (2000). Short term effects of cigarette smoking on hospitalization and associated lost workdays in a young healthy population. Tobacco Control, 9, 389–396.
Smith, G., Branas, C., & Miller, T. (1999). Fatal non-traffic injuries involving alcohol. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 33, 659–668.
US Department of Health, Human Services. (1982). The health consequences of smoking: Cancer. Maryland: Public Health Service.
US Department of Health, Human Services. (1983). The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease. Maryland: Public Health Service.
Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1252–1271.
Nelson, C., & Startz, R. (1990). The distribution of the instrumental variables estimator and its t-ration when the instrument is a poor one. Journal of Business, 63, 125–140.
Batenburg, M., & Reinken, J. (1990). The relationship between sickness absence from work and pattern of cigarette smoking. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 103, 11–13.
Bush, R., & Wooden, M. (1995). Smoking and absence from work: Australian evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 437–446.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ho, CS., Hite, D. Toxic Chemical Releases, Health Effects, and Productivity Losses in the United States. J Community Health 34, 539–546 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-009-9180-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-009-9180-6