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γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) Sensitive Fluorescence Probes for Cancer Diagnosis; Brief Review

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Abstract

Millions of deaths occur each year due to the late diagnosis of abnormal cellular growth within the body. However, the devastating impact of this can be significantly reduced if cancer metastasis is detected early through the use of enzymatic biomarkers. Among several biomarkers, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) stands out as a member of the aminopeptidase family. It is primarily found on the surface of cancer cells such as glioma, ovarian, lung, and prostate cancer, without being overexpressed in normal cells or tissues. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the field of cancer monitoring and imaging. Fluorescence sensing techniques have been employed, utilizing organic small molecular probes with enzyme-specific recognition sites. These probes emit a fluorescent signal upon interacting with GGT, enabling the imaging, identification, and differentiation of normal and cancerous cells, tissues, and organs. This review article presents a concise overview of recent progress in fluorescent probes developed for the selective detection of GGT, focusing on their applications in cancer imaging. It highlights the observed alterations in the fluorescence and absorption spectra of the probes before and after interaction with GGT. Additionally, the study investigates the changes in the probe molecule's structure following enzyme treatment, evaluates the sensor's detection limit, and consolidated imaging studies conducted using confocal fluorescence analysis. This comprehensive survey is expected to contribute to the advancement of sensing techniques for biomarker detection and cancer imaging, providing valuable insights for refining methodologies and inspiring future developments in this field.

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© 2017 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

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© 2015, American Chemical Society

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© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by University of Sargodha and Thal University Bhakkar. Author acknowledges the guideline provided by Professor Beom Jin Kim during the review write-up.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saleem

  2. Department of Chemistry, Thal University Bhakkar, Bhakkar, 30000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Saleem

  3. Department of Chemistry, GC University Faisalabad, Sub Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan

    Muhammad Hanif

  4. Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 6300, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rafiq

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, Kongu National University, Kongju Chungnam, Republic of Korea

    Hussain Raza & Kim Song Ja

  6. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China

    Changrui Lu

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Material collection, data collection and write-up were performed by Muhammad Saleem, Muhammad Hanif and Muhammad Rafiq. Hussain Raza, Dr. Kim Song Ja and Dr. Changrui Lu proof read and edited the article.

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Saleem, M., Hanif, M., Rafiq, M. et al. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) Sensitive Fluorescence Probes for Cancer Diagnosis; Brief Review. J Fluoresc 34, 977–1006 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-023-03353-6

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