Abstract
Increased life expectancy exposes ageing parents to a lifetime of living with a child with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The current study aims to highlight the ways in which ageing parents retrospectively construct child’s CP diagnostic process. A phenomenological–narrative perspective was performed, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 ageing parents of children with CP, followed by a content analysis. Three major phases in coping with child’s CP emerged: (1) “What’s wrong with my child? Give me a name”: Searching for extrinsic recognition of the pathology, (2) “When you first hear the words you are “thrown” into a new world”: Perceiving the bad news as a turning point, and (3) “You won’t get any special treatment”: A lifetime of maneuvering between disability and able-bodied society. Constructing positive narrative helps parents achieve a sense of closure at this stage of their lives and it can serve as a therapeutic toll.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Accardo, P. J. (Ed.). (2008). Capute & Accardo’s neurodevelopmental disabilities in infancy and childhood. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Arneson, C. L., Durkin, M. S., Benedict, R. E., Kirby, R. S., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Braun, K. V. N., & Doernberg, N. S. (2009). Prevalence of cerebral palsy: autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, three sites, United States, 2004. Disability and Health Journal, 2(1), 45–48. doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2008.08.001.
Avdi, E., Griffin, C., & Brough, S. (2000). Parents’ constructions of the ‘problem’ during assessment and diagnosis of their child for an autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 241–254. doi:10.1177/135910530000500214.
Avieli, H., Smeloy, Y., & Band-Winterstein, T. (2015). Departure scripts and life review of parents living with abusive adult children with mental disorder. Journal of Aging Studies, 34, 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2015.04.004.
Baird, G., McConachie, H., & Scrutton, D. (2000). Parents perceptions of disclosure of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83, 475–480. doi:10.1136/adc.83.6.475.
Bengston, V. L., Elder Jr., G. H., & Putney, N. M. (2012). The life course perspective on ageing: linked lives, timing, and history. In J. Katz, S. Peace, & S. Spurr (Eds.), Adult lives: a life course perspective (pp. 9–17). Bristol: Policy Press.
Bloch, J. S., & Weinstein, J. D. (2010). Families of young children with autism. Social Work in Mental Health, 8, 23–40. doi:10.1080/15332980902932342.
Bollnow, O. (1967). Lived-space. In N. Lawrence & D. O’Connor (Eds.), Readings in existential phenomenology (pp. 178–186). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Boyd, J. R. (2001). A process for delivering bad news: supporting families when a child is diagnosed. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 33, 14–20.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: an interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65–76. doi:10.1521/00332747.1963.11023339.
Carona, C., Crespo, C., & Canavarro, M. C. (2013). Similarities amid the difference: caregiving burden and adaptation outcomes in dyads of parents and their children with and without cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 882–893. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.004.
Chase, S. E. (2011). Narrative inquiry: still a field in the making. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research (4th ed., pp. 421–434). Washington: Sage.
Daily, D. K., Ardinger, H. H., & Holmes, G. E. (2000). Identification and evaluation of mental retardation. American Family Physician, 61, 1059–1067.
Davies, R. (2004). New understandings of parental grief: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46, 506–513. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03024.x.
Davies, R., Davis, B., & Sibert, J. (2003). Parents’ stories of sensitive and insensitive care by paediatricians in the time leading up to and including diagnostic disclosure of a life-limiting condition in their child. Child: Care, Health and Development, 29, 77–82. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00316.x.
Davis, E., Shelly, A., Waters, E., Boyd, R., Cook, K., & Davern, M. (2010). The impact of caring for a child with cerebral palsy: quality of life for mothers and fathers. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36, 63–73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00989.x.
Denzin, N. K. (1983). A note on emotionality, self, and interaction. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 402–409. doi:10.1086/227871.
Dickson-Swift, V., James, E. L., Kippen, S., & Liamputtong, P. (2007). Doing sensitive research: what challenges do qualitative researchers face? Qualitative Research, 7, 327–353. doi:10.1177/1468794107078515.
Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x.
Elder, G. H., Kirkpatrick, M., & Crosnoe, R. (2006). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahn (Eds.), Handbook of sociology and social research: handbook of the life course (pp. 3–18). New York: Springer.
Ferguson, P. M. (2002). A place in the family: an historical interpretation of research on parental reactions to having a child with a disability. The Journal of Special Education, 36, 124–131. doi:10.1177/00224669020360030201.
Finlay, L. (2011). Phenomenology for therapists: researching the lived world. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gillman, M., Heyman, B., & Swain, J. (2000). What’s in a name? The implications of diagnosis for people with learning difficulties and their family careers. Disability and Society, 15, 389–409. doi:10.1080/713661959.
Hall, S., Bobrow, M., & Marteau, T. M. (2000). Psychological consequences for parents of false negative results on prenatal screening for Down’s syndrome: retrospective interview study. BMJ, 320, 407–412. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.407.
Hodapp, R. M. (2002). Parenting children with mental retardation. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 1, pp. 355–381). Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum & Associates.
Horton-Vensters, T., & Wallander, J. L. (2001). Hope and social support as resilience factors against psychological distress of mothers who care for children with chronic physical conditions. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 382–399. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.46.4.382.
Huang, Y. P., Kellett, U. M., & St John, W. (2010). Cerebral palsy: experiences of mothers after learning their child’s diagnosis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 1213–1221. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05270.x.
Kaufman, G., & Uhlenberg, P. (1998). Effects of life course transitions on the quality of relationships between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 924–938. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/353635.
Krstić, T., Mihić, L., & Mihić, I. (2015). Stress and resolution in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.009.
Lee, Y. J., Park, H. J., & Recchia, S. L. (2015). Embracing each other and growing together: redefining the meaning of caregiving a child with disabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3662–3675. doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0175-x.
Lightsey Jr., O. R., & Sweeney, J. (2008). Meaning in life, emotion-oriented coping, generalized self-efficacy, and family cohesion as predictors of family satisfaction among mothers of children with disabilities. The Family Journal, 16, 212–221. doi:10.1177/1066480708317503.
Lin, S.-L. (2000). Coping and adaptation in families of children with cerebral palsy. Exceptional Children, 66, 201–218. doi:10.1177/001440290006600205.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). But it is rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. New Directions for Program Evaluation, 30, 73–84. doi:10.1002/ev.1427.
Macmillan, R., & Copher, R. (2005). Families in the life course: interdependency of roles, role configurations, and pathways. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 858–879. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00180.x.
Majnemer, A., Shevell, M., Law, M., Poulin, C., & Rosenbaum, P. (2012). Indicators of distress in families of children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34, 1202–1207. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.638035.
Mansell, W., & Morris, K. (2004). A survey of parents’ reactions to the diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder by a local service access to information and use of services. Autism, 8, 387–407. doi:10.1177/1362361304045213.
Marvin, R. S., & Pianta, R. C. (1996). Mothers’ reactions to their child’s diagnosis: relations with security of attachment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 436–445. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2504_8.
McKeown, J., Clarke, A., & Repper, J. (2006). Life story work in health and social care: systematic literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 237–247. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03897.x.
Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 3–5. doi:10.1177/104973200129118183.
Moss, D. (1978). Brain, body and the world. In R. S. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 73–93). New York: Oxford University Press.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Nursey, A. D., Rohde, J. R., & Farmer, R. D. T. (1991). Ways of telling new parents about their child and his or her mental handicap: a comparison of doctors’ and parents’ views. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 35, 48–57.
Ochs, E., & Capps, L. (2009). Living narrative: creating lives in everyday storytelling. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Olshansky, S. (1962). Chronic sorrow: a response to having a mentally defective child. Social Casework, 43, 191–193.
Pakenham, K. I., Sofronoff, K., & Samios, C. (2004). Finding meaning in parenting a child with Asperger syndrome: correlates of sense making and benefit finding. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 245–264. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2003.06.003.
Partington, K. J. (2002). Maternal responses to the diagnosis of learning disabilities in children: a qualitative study using a focus group approach. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 6, 163–173. doi:10.1177/146900470200600205.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Poehlmann, J., Clements, M., Abbeduto, L., & Farsad, V. (2005). Family experiences associated with a child’s diagnosis of fragile X or down syndrome: evidence for disruption and resilience. Mental Retardation, 43, 255–267. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[255:FEAWAC]2.0.CO;2.
Quine, L., & Rutter, D. R. (1994). First diagnosis of severe mental and physical disability: a study of doctor–parent communication. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1273–1287. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01234.x.
Randall, W. L. (2011). Memory, metaphor and meaning: reading for wisdom in the stories of our lives. In G. M. Kenyon, E. Bohlmeijer, & W. L. Randall (Eds.), Storying later life: issues, investigations, and interventions in narrative gerontology (pp. 18–36). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A., Goldstein, M., Bax, M., Damiano, D., et al. (2007). A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 109, 8–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12610.x.
Rosenthal, E. T., Biesecker, L. G., & Biesecker, B. B. (2001). Parental attitudes toward a diagnosis in children with unidentified multiple congenital anomaly syndromes. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 103, 106–114. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1527.
Schuengel, C., Rentinck, I. C. M., Stolk, J., Voorman, J. M., Loots, G. M. P., Ketelaar, M., et al. (2009). Parents’ reactions to the diagnosis of cerebral palsy: associations between resolution, age and severity of disability. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35, 673–680. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00951.x.
Scorgie, K., & Sobsey, D. (2000). Transformational outcomes associated with parenting children who have disabilities. Mental Retardation, 38, 195–206. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2000)038<0195:TOAWPC>2.0.CO;2.
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. London: Sage.
Sokolowski, R. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Solnit, A. J., & Stark, M. H. (1961). Mourning and the birth of a defective child. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, 523–537.
Taanila, A., Syrjälä, L., Kokkonen, J., & Järvelin, M.-R. (2002). Coping of parents with physically and/or intellectually disabled children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 28, 73–86. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00244.x.
Tufford, L., & Newman, P. (2010). Bracketing in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Work, 11, 80–96. doi:10.1177/1473325010368316.
Turnbull, A. P., & Turnbull, H. R. (2001). Families, professionals, and exceptionality: collaborating for empowerment (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
Valle, R. S., & King, M. (1978). Existential-phenomenological alternatives for psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Watson, S. L. (2009). This test, that test: family experience of the diagnostic process. NADD Bulletin, 12, 50–53. Retrieved from http://thenadd.org/modal/bulletins/v12n3a3~.htm.
Watson, S. L., & Hayes, S. (2011). Does having hope help? Resiliencies and challenges of families raising a child with autism. NADD Bulletin, 14, 3–6.
Webster, J. D., & Haight, B. K. (Eds.). (2002). Critical advances in reminiscence work: from theory to application. New York: Springer.
Whittingham, K., Wee, D., Sanders, M. R., & Boyd, R. (2013). Sorrow, coping and resiliency: parents of children with cerebral palsy share their experiences. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 1447–1452. doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.737081.
Winn, S., & Hay, I. (2009). Transition from school for youths with a disability: issues and challenges. Disability & Society, 24, 103–115. doi:10.1080/09687590802535725.
Woodbridge, S., Buys, L., & Miller, E. (2011). ‘my grandchild has a disability’: impact on grandparenting identity, roles and relationships. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 355–363. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2011.01.002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Avieli, H., Band-Winterstein, T. “What Didn’t I Do for this Child?”: Parents’ Retrospective Construction of their Child’s CP Diagnostic Process. J Dev Phys Disabil 29, 385–405 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-016-9531-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-016-9531-z