Abstract
This study assessed the possibility of toilet training a 9 year old boy with multiple disabilities using ZigBee based wetness sensor technology and a positive reinforcement strategy. This study was carried out according to an ABAB sequence in which A represented the baseline and B represented intervention phases. Data showed that the participant significantly increased his target response, thus improving daytime urinary continence during the intervention phases. Practical and developmental implications of the findings are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asus (2009) Mini notebook computer: http://www.asus.com/product.aspx?P_ID=txYWVcX4F8yuJQDD Retrieved 09.17.09.
Azrin, N. H., Bugle, C., & O’Brien, F. (1971). Behavioral engineering: two apparatuses for toilet training retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 249–253.
Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 89–99.
Bettison, S. (1982). Toilet training to independence for the handicapped: A manual for trainers. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Brodwin, M. G., Star, T., & Cardoso, E. (2004). Computer assistive technology for people who have disabilities: Computer adaptations and modifications. Journal of Rehabilitation, 70, 28–33.
Chang, Y. J., Peng, S. M., Chen, Y. R., Chen, H. C., Wang, T. Y., & Chen, S. F. (2010). Autonomous indoor wayfinding for individuals with cognitive impairments. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 7, 1–13.
Chang, Y. J., & Wang, T. Y. (2010a). Comparing picture and video prompting in autonomous indoor wayfinding for individuals with cognitive impairments. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14, 737–747.
Chang, Y. J., & Wang, T. Y. (2010b). Mobile location-based social networking in supported employment for people with cognitive impairments. Cybernetics and Systems, 41, 245–261.
Chen, Y. C. (2010) ZigAlert: A ZigBee alert for toileting training children with developmental delay in a public school setting. Proc. of The 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility.
Chong, J. W. et al. (2007) Analysis of throughput in a Zigbee network under the presence of WLAN interference. Proc. of the 2007 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT 2007).
Chung, K. M. (2007). Modified version of Azrin and Foxx’s rapid toilet training. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19, 449–455.
Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319–331.
Cook, A. M., & Hussey, S. M. (2002). Assistive technologies: Principles and practice. St. Louis: MO Mosby, Inc.
Dagtas, S., Pekhteryev, G., & Sahinoglu, Z. (2007) Multi-stage real time health monitoring via ZigBee in smart homes. in Proc. of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (AINAW'07), 2:782–786.
Excel Engineering (2010) Toilet sensor: http://www.excelhk.com.hk/products/toilet_sensor.html Retrieved 01.11.10.
Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16, 51–74.
Huang, M. C., Huang, J. C., You, J. C., & Jong, G. J. (2007). The wireless sensor network for home-care system using ZigBee. Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 1, 643–646.
Jennic (2009) JN5148 Wireless Sensor Kit: http://www.jennic.com/products/development_kits/jn5148_evaluation_kit Retrieved 3.01.09.
Jovanov, E., Milenkovic, A., Otto, C., & de Groen, P. C. (2005). A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2, 16–23.
Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Toilet training for children with autism: the effects of video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19, 291–303.
Lancioni, G. E., & Markus, S. (1999). Urine-triggered alarm signals and prompts to promote daytime urinary continence in a boy with severe intellectual disability. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27, 261–265.
Richards, S. B., Taylor, R. L., Ramasamy, R., & Richards, R. Y. (1999). Single subject research: Applications in educational and clinical settings. New York: Wadsworth.
Sells-Love, D., Rinaldi, L. M., & McLaughlin, T. F. (2002). Toilet training an adolescent with severe mental retardation in the classroom: A case study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14, 111–118.
Shein, G. F., Treviranus, J., Brownlow, N. D., Milner, M., & Parnes, P. (1992). An overview of human-computer interaction techniques for people with physical disabilities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 9, 171–181.
Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-HiU Book Company.
Vermandel, A., Van Kempen, M., De Wachter, S., Weyler, J., & Wyndaele, J.-J. (2009). The efficacy of a wetting alarm diaper for toilet training of young healthy children in a day-care center: a randomized control trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 28, 305–308.
Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (1998). The relationship between self-determination and quality of life for adults with mental retardation. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 33, 3–12.
Wessels, R., Dijcks, B., Soede, M., Gelderblom, G. J., & De Witte, L. (2003). Non-use of provided assistive technology devices, a literature overview. Technology and Disability, 15, 231–238.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chang, YJ., Lee, MY., Chou, LD. et al. A Mobile Wetness Detection System Enabling Teachers to Toilet Train Children with Intellectual Disabilities in a Public School Setting. J Dev Phys Disabil 23, 527–533 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3