Skip to main content
Log in

A Mobile Wetness Detection System Enabling Teachers to Toilet Train Children with Intellectual Disabilities in a Public School Setting

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study assessed the possibility of toilet training a 9 year old boy with multiple disabilities using ZigBee based wetness sensor technology and a positive reinforcement strategy. This study was carried out according to an ABAB sequence in which A represented the baseline and B represented intervention phases. Data showed that the participant significantly increased his target response, thus improving daytime urinary continence during the intervention phases. Practical and developmental implications of the findings are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asus (2009) Mini notebook computer: http://www.asus.com/product.aspx?P_ID=txYWVcX4F8yuJQDD Retrieved 09.17.09.

  • Azrin, N. H., Bugle, C., & O’Brien, F. (1971). Behavioral engineering: two apparatuses for toilet training retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 249–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 89–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettison, S. (1982). Toilet training to independence for the handicapped: A manual for trainers. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodwin, M. G., Star, T., & Cardoso, E. (2004). Computer assistive technology for people who have disabilities: Computer adaptations and modifications. Journal of Rehabilitation, 70, 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y. J., Peng, S. M., Chen, Y. R., Chen, H. C., Wang, T. Y., & Chen, S. F. (2010). Autonomous indoor wayfinding for individuals with cognitive impairments. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 7, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y. J., & Wang, T. Y. (2010a). Comparing picture and video prompting in autonomous indoor wayfinding for individuals with cognitive impairments. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 14, 737–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Y. J., & Wang, T. Y. (2010b). Mobile location-based social networking in supported employment for people with cognitive impairments. Cybernetics and Systems, 41, 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. C. (2010) ZigAlert: A ZigBee alert for toileting training children with developmental delay in a public school setting. Proc. of The 12th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility.

  • Chong, J. W. et al. (2007) Analysis of throughput in a Zigbee network under the presence of WLAN interference. Proc. of the 2007 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT 2007).

  • Chung, K. M. (2007). Modified version of Azrin and Foxx’s rapid toilet training. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19, 449–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319–331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. M., & Hussey, S. M. (2002). Assistive technologies: Principles and practice. St. Louis: MO Mosby, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagtas, S., Pekhteryev, G., & Sahinoglu, Z. (2007) Multi-stage real time health monitoring via ZigBee in smart homes. in Proc. of the International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (AINAW'07), 2:782–786.

  • Excel Engineering (2010) Toilet sensor: http://www.excelhk.com.hk/products/toilet_sensor.html Retrieved 01.11.10.

  • Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16, 51–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, M. C., Huang, J. C., You, J. C., & Jong, G. J. (2007). The wireless sensor network for home-care system using ZigBee. Proc. of the 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, 1, 643–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennic (2009) JN5148 Wireless Sensor Kit: http://www.jennic.com/products/development_kits/jn5148_evaluation_kit Retrieved 3.01.09.

  • Jovanov, E., Milenkovic, A., Otto, C., & de Groen, P. C. (2005). A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2, 16–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007). Toilet training for children with autism: the effects of video modeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19, 291–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lancioni, G. E., & Markus, S. (1999). Urine-triggered alarm signals and prompts to promote daytime urinary continence in a boy with severe intellectual disability. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 27, 261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, S. B., Taylor, R. L., Ramasamy, R., & Richards, R. Y. (1999). Single subject research: Applications in educational and clinical settings. New York: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sells-Love, D., Rinaldi, L. M., & McLaughlin, T. F. (2002). Toilet training an adolescent with severe mental retardation in the classroom: A case study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14, 111–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shein, G. F., Treviranus, J., Brownlow, N. D., Milner, M., & Parnes, P. (1992). An overview of human-computer interaction techniques for people with physical disabilities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 9, 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S., & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-HiU Book Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermandel, A., Van Kempen, M., De Wachter, S., Weyler, J., & Wyndaele, J.-J. (2009). The efficacy of a wetting alarm diaper for toilet training of young healthy children in a day-care center: a randomized control trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 28, 305–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeyer, M., & Schwartz, M. (1998). The relationship between self-determination and quality of life for adults with mental retardation. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 33, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wessels, R., Dijcks, B., Soede, M., Gelderblom, G. J., & De Witte, L. (2003). Non-use of provided assistive technology devices, a literature overview. Technology and Disability, 15, 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yao-Jen Chang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chang, YJ., Lee, MY., Chou, LD. et al. A Mobile Wetness Detection System Enabling Teachers to Toilet Train Children with Intellectual Disabilities in a Public School Setting. J Dev Phys Disabil 23, 527–533 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3

Keywords

Navigation